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µm-Thick and Water-Taping Protein Electronic Tattoos for Multifunctional On-Skin Electronics.

Soohoon Lee1, Wonkyeong Son1,2, Shalik Ram Joshi1

  • 1Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|June 17, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed ultra-thin electronic tattoos (e-tattoos) using protein hydrogels for seamless skin integration. These breathable e-tattoos enable advanced diagnostics, personalized therapeutics, and human-machine interfaces with superior performance.

Keywords:
carbon nanotubeelectronic tattoomultifunctionsilk proteinultrathin

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Seamless integration of on-skin electronics with skin is vital for personalized diagnostics and human-machine interfaces.
  • Current interfaces face challenges in ensuring skin respiration and stable device performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an ultra-thin electronic tattoo (e-tattoo) for conformal skin integration.
  • To achieve high performance in biomedical applications through advanced material design.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of micrometer-thick e-tattoos using sub-micrometer silk film and carbon nanotube nanosheets (CNT-NS).
  • Characterization of e-tattoo properties including breathability, mechanical strength, and electrical conductivity.
  • Demonstration of applications such as photothermal therapy, electrocardiogram (ECG) detection, triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), and supercapacitors.

Main Results:

  • Achieved seamless skin integration without air gaps due to the protein hydrogel's conformability.
  • Demonstrated high breathability, mechanical strength, and Ohmic electrical conductivity.
  • Exhibited superior signal-to-noise ratio for ECG detection compared to commercial electrodes.
  • Successfully implemented self-powered TENG and stable supercapacitors.

Conclusions:

  • The developed e-tattoo offers a promising platform for advanced personalized diagnostics and therapeutics.
  • The ultra-thin, breathable, and mechanically robust design enables diverse biomedical and energy harvesting applications.
  • This technology paves the way for next-generation wearable electronics with enhanced skin-interfacing capabilities.