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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. A cancer cell is genetically unstable and hence can mutate faster. They can also modify their microenvironment and escape immune surveillance. The difficulties in treating cancer are further compounded by the emergence of rapid resistance to anticancer drugs. The most common ways to attain resistance in cancer cells include alteration in drug transport and metabolism, modification of drug target, elevated DNA damage response, or...
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Combining two or more treatment methods increases the life span of cancer patients while reducing damage to vital organs or tissue from the overuse of a single treatment. Combination therapy also targets different cancer-inducing pathways, thus reducing the chances of developing resistance to treatment.
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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
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Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 19, 2025

Potentiation of Anticancer Antibody Efficacy by Antineoplastic Drugs: Detection of Antibody-drug Synergism Using the Combination Index Equation
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Optimizing enfortumab vedotin plus pembrolizumab therapy.

Elias Antoine Karam1,2, Yaghi César Céline2, Gilles Prince2

  • 1Departements de Médecine Oncologique, Gustave Roussy F-94805, Villejuif, France.

Oncotarget
|June 17, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Advanced urothelial carcinoma (aUC) treatment is shifting towards immunotherapy. The combination of enfortumab vedotin and pembrolizumab shows improved survival rates for advanced urothelial carcinoma patients.

Keywords:
advanced urothelial carcinoma (aUC)enfortumab vedotinpembrolizumabtreatment strategies

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Urothelial Carcinoma Research
  • Cancer Therapeutics

Background:

  • Advanced urothelial carcinoma (aUC) presents a poor prognosis, often involving muscle-invasive or metastatic stages.
  • Chemotherapy has been the traditional treatment for aUC, but its efficacy in advanced stages is limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evolution of treatment strategies for advanced urothelial carcinoma.
  • To highlight the increasing role of immunotherapy and targeted therapies in aUC management.
  • To discuss optimized treatment algorithms for improved patient outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of treatment strategies for advanced urothelial carcinoma.
  • Analysis of recent clinical trial data, including the EV-302 trial.
  • Discussion of emerging therapies and their impact on patient survival.

Main Results:

  • The combination of enfortumab vedotin with pembrolizumab is now a recommended first-line therapy for aUC.
  • This novel combination therapy has demonstrated significant improvements in survival rates.
  • A notable shift towards immunotherapy and targeted therapies is evident in aUC treatment.

Conclusions:

  • Recent therapeutic advancements, particularly enfortumab vedotin plus pembrolizumab, offer improved outcomes for advanced urothelial carcinoma.
  • Optimized treatment algorithms incorporating novel agents are crucial for enhancing patient survival in aUC.
  • The landscape of aUC treatment is rapidly evolving, with immunotherapy playing a central role.