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Gastrulation establishes the three primary tissues of an embryo: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This developmental process relies on a series of intricate cellular movements, which in humans transforms a flat, “bilaminar disc” composed of two cell sheets into a three-tiered structure. In the resulting embryo, the endoderm serves as the bottom layer, and stacked directly above it is the intermediate mesoderm, and then the uppermost ectoderm. Respectively, these tissue strata...
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After a large-single-celled zygote is produced via fertilization, the process of cleavage occurs while zygotes travel through the uterine tube. Cleavage is a mitotic cell division that does not result in growth. With each round of successive cell division, daughter cells get increasingly smaller.
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The development of all multicellular organisms starts with the fusion of haploid cells called sperm and egg to form a diploid zygote. A zygote is a totipotent cell that can develop into a complete organism. The zygote undergoes cell division or cleavage to form an 8-cell mass. Until this stage, the cells are spherical, loosely attached, and remain totipotent. Totipotent cells are capable of developing both the embryonic and the extraembryonic tissues. However, as they continue to divide, they...
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Updated: Sep 19, 2025

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Embryoid bodies as a model system for exploring early human embryonic development.

Daria I Zhigalina1, Evgeny V Denisov2,3, Igor N Lebedev4

  • 1Research Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ushaika Street 10, Tomsk, 634050, Russia.

Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics
|June 17, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Embryoid bodies (EBs) derived from pluripotent stem cells closely replicate early human embryonic development. These EBs offer a powerful model for studying embryogenesis, advancing reproductive genetics and medicine.

Keywords:
Embryoid bodiesEmbryonic developmentInduced pluripotent stem cellsModel systemsSingle-cell sequencingTranscriptome

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Reproductive Medicine

Background:

  • Embryoid bodies (EBs) are three-dimensional aggregates of pluripotent stem cells.
  • They mimic early stages of embryonic development post-implantation.
  • Understanding EB formation and properties is crucial for developmental studies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on embryoid bodies (EBs).
  • To evaluate EBs as a model for human embryonic development.
  • To compare embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in EB models.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and analysis of existing concepts on embryoid bodies.
  • Collection and analysis of data on EB characteristics and stem cell properties.
  • Comparative analysis of ESC- and iPSC-derived EB models.

Main Results:

  • EBs from pluripotent stem cells effectively model post-implantation human embryonic development.
  • Comparative analysis highlights advantages and limitations of ESC vs. iPSC models.
  • Limited single-cell RNA sequencing studies in human and mouse EBs are summarized.

Conclusions:

  • Embryoid bodies represent a valuable in vitro model for studying early human embryogenesis.
  • This model system holds significant potential for advancements in reproductive genetics and medicine.