Metallic and semiconductor nanomaterials for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a powerful spectroscopic tool with exceptional trace detection sensitivity, offering broad applications in physics, chemistry, materials science, and life sciences. The intensity of SERS is closely tied to the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of the substrate material and charge transfer between molecules and the substrate. Therefore, designing nanoscale structures of substrate materials is crucial for advancing SERS technology. This review highlights recent research on metallic, semiconductor and plasmonic metal-semiconductor SERS substrate nanomaterials. Studies on metallic SERS substrates primarily aim to enhance signal strength and expand application scope through nanoscale structural adjustments, while research on semiconductor SERS substrates emphasizes morphology and defect tuning to increase application potential. Finally, we discuss forthcoming challenges and emerging trends in SERS. We hope this review offers theoretical guidance for researchers in SERS substrate design and encourages further exploration of SERS enhancement mechanisms and applications.