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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Cell Death01:30

Overview of Cell Death

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Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
Cell death was observed in the early 19th century, but there was no experimental evidence to prove it. In 1842, Carl Vogt first discovered cell death in a metamorphic toad; however, it was not termed ‘cell death.’ Scientists discovered different cell death pathways only in the...
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Apoptosis01:30

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Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size...
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Tissue Renewal without Stem Cells01:23

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After cellular or tissue damage, the resident stem cells present in the human body can locally repair and regenerate the damaged tissue or organ. However, even though some tissues do not have stem cells, they can repair and regenerate with the help of pre-existing cells. For example, beta cells of the pancreas and hepatocytes of the liver can divide to renew and regenerate the tissue. Here, both cell division and cell death are well regulated by homeostasis.
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Overview of Regeneration and Repair01:19

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Regeneration and repair processes are critical in healing damages caused by injury, disease, and aging. In regeneration, the damaged tissue is entirely replaced with new growth that restores the original architecture and function. In contrast, tissue repair usually results in a fixed tissue architecture involving scar formation. Scars generally do not reestablish tissue function and may also exhibit structural abnormalities at the injury site.
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The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
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Necrosis01:16

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Necrosis is considered as an “accidental” or unexpected form of cell death that ends in cell lysis. The first noticeable mention of “necrosis” was in 1859 when Rudolf Virchow used this term to describe advanced tissue breakdown in his compilation titled “Cell Pathology”.
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Author Spotlight: THP-1 Macrophage Response to LPS/ATP — Unveiling the Pyroptosis, Apoptosis, and Necroptosis Spectrum
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Programmed cell death and tissue regeneration: a link that should be resolved.

Gelina S Kopeina1,2, Anastasia Yu Efimenko2, Vsevolod A Tkachuk2

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Summary

Cellular homeostasis relies on cell death and regeneration. Understanding their balance is key to regenerative biomedicine and restoring damaged tissues.

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular biology
  • Regenerative medicine

Background:

  • Cellular homeostasis is maintained by proliferation, differentiation, and cell death.
  • Programmed cell death, including apoptosis and necroptosis, is crucial for tissue regeneration.
  • Disturbances in the cell death-regeneration balance cause pathologies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the multilevel relationships between cell death and regeneration.
  • To explore how these processes balance each other.
  • To highlight the potential for regenerative biomedicine.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of programmed cell death and regeneration.
  • Analysis of signaling pathways and physical tissue changes.
  • Examination of stem cell resistance to cell death.

Main Results:

  • Dying cells release stimuli that promote proliferation and differentiation.
  • Cell death frees space, eliminates dysfunctional cells, and aids regeneration.
  • Stem cells resist death, preserving regenerative potential.

Conclusions:

  • The interplay between cell death and regeneration is vital for tissue homeostasis and repair.
  • Advances in understanding this balance can drive regenerative biomedicine.
  • Restoring damaged organs and tissues is the ultimate goal.