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Observational studies are a type of analytical study where researchers observe events without any interventions. In other words, the researcher does not influence the response variable or the experiment's outcome.
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Updated: Sep 19, 2025

Using Eye Movements Recorded in the Visual World Paradigm to Explore the Online Processing of Spoken Language
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Using visual research methods to study occupations: A scoping review.

Urša Bratun1, Thomas Morgenthaler2,3, Ben D Lee4

  • 1Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.

Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy
|June 18, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Visual research methods (VRMs) enhance occupational science and therapy studies across diverse populations. Rigorous application and clear articulation of VRM purpose are vital for effective occupation-focused research.

Keywords:
Allied health sciencecommunity-based participatory researchoccupational scienceoccupational therapyqualitative research

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Area of Science:

  • Occupational Science
  • Occupational Therapy
  • Qualitative Research Methods

Background:

  • Visual research methods (VRMs) like photovoice and videography are increasingly used in occupation research.
  • A comprehensive analysis of VRMs within occupational science (OS) and occupational therapy (OT) literature is lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and critically analyze the application of VRMs in OS and OT.
  • To focus on the methodological aspects of VRM use in these fields.

Main Methods:

  • A scoping review was conducted following a six-step framework.
  • Summative content analysis was employed to analyze extracted data from 73 articles.

Main Results:

  • VRMs were utilized across all continents and age groups, with diverse populations including those with and without disabilities.
  • These methods were applied independently or combined with other research approaches, frequently within ethnographic or phenomenological frameworks.
  • Thematic analysis was the most common data analysis technique.

Conclusions:

  • VRMs offer valuable insights into occupation-related topics and diverse populations.
  • These methods can significantly enhance participatory research focused on occupation.
  • Researchers in OS and OT must maintain rigorous protocols and clearly define the objectives for employing VRMs.