Detection of Cytotoxic Antimetabolites in Water: Current Analytical Methods

Water is an essential resource for sustaining life and plays a critical role in maintaining the balance of ecosystems. However, the accumulation of cytotoxic drugs used in cancer treatment, such as antimetabolites, in aquatic ecosystems has become a major problem threatening environmental sustainability. Since cytotoxic drugs can sustain their biochemical activity even at low concentrations, they can have toxic effects on ecological systems. This review examines in detail the analytical methods available for detecting antimetabolites in water. Due to its high sensitivity and selectivity, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is the most widely used method for the detection of antimetabolites. However, in this method, matrix effects are one of the main problems. In addition, analyses have shown that conventional wastewater treatment systems cannot adequately remove these components. This situation causes antimetabolites to persist in the environmental cycle and pose potential ecotoxicological risks. In this context, advanced analytical techniques should be used to better understand the environmental effects of antimetabolites and to develop effective removal methods. This review provides a comprehensive source for researchers working in the field of environmental analytical chemistry and is expected to contribute to the existing literature and guide future research. Furthermore, future studies will allow for better modeling of the environmental dispersion of antimetabolites, development of more effective treatment methods, and more in-depth investigation of the long-term effects of these compounds on aquatic ecosystems. Research in this field is critical for reducing environmental health risks and protecting sustainable water resources.