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Intermolecular Forces03:13

Intermolecular Forces

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Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen...
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Intermolecular forces are attractive forces that exist between molecules. They dictate several bulk properties, such as melting points, boiling points, and solubilities (miscibilities) of substances. Molar mass, molecular shape, and polarity affect the strength of different intermolecular forces, which influence the magnitude of physical properties across a family of molecules.
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The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...
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Van der Waals Interactions01:24

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Atoms and molecules interact with each other through intermolecular forces. These electrostatic forces arise from attractive or repulsive interactions between particles with permanent, partial, or temporary charges. The intermolecular forces between neutral atoms and molecules are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, and dispersion forces, collectively known as van der Waals forces.
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The various IMFs between identical molecules of a substance are examples of cohesive forces. The molecules within a liquid are surrounded by other molecules and are attracted equally in all directions by the cohesive forces within the liquid. However, the molecules on the surface of a liquid are attracted only by about one-half as many molecules. Because of the unbalanced molecular attractions on the surface molecules, liquids contract to form a shape that minimizes the number...
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How surface charges affect interdroplet freezing.

Siyan Yang1,2, Bingqiang Ji3, Yawei Feng2

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|June 18, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Electrically heterogeneous surfaces trigger a novel interdroplet freezing relay (IFR) phenomenon. Ice needles shoot from frozen droplets, accelerating freezing and enabling 3D propagation, crucial for anti-icing technologies.

Keywords:
droplet freezingicingsurface charge

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Area of Science:

  • Surface Science
  • Materials Science
  • Electrostatics

Background:

  • Droplet freezing on surfaces is vital for industries like aviation and transportation.
  • Existing research focuses on electrically homogeneous surfaces, where vapor pressure gradients drive freezing propagation.
  • The impact of surface electrostatic charge on droplet freezing dynamics remains largely unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of electrostatic charge on surfaces in droplet freezing dynamics.
  • To identify and characterize novel freezing phenomena on electrically heterogeneous surfaces.
  • To explore the potential of electrostatics in developing advanced anti-icing and antifrosting materials.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical modeling of droplet freezing on electrically heterogeneous surfaces.
  • Experimental investigations using various dielectric substrates, liquids, and droplet configurations.
  • Analysis of freezing propagation pathways and rates using microscopy and thermal imaging.

Main Results:

  • Discovery of an interdroplet freezing relay (IFR) phenomenon on electrically heterogeneous surfaces.
  • Observation of a three-dimensional, in-air freezing propagation pathway.
  • Demonstration of accelerated freezing rates due to surface charge gradients and ice needle formation.
  • Confirmation of the phenomenon's generality across different materials and conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Surface charge gradients on electrically heterogeneous surfaces significantly influence droplet freezing dynamics.
  • The IFR phenomenon, driven by electrostatics, offers a new mechanism for rapid frost formation.
  • Electrostatic interactions are pivotal for designing next-generation passive anti-icing and antifrosting materials.