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Mechanical Protein Functions

Mechanical Protein Functions

Proteins perform many mechanical functions in a cell. These proteins can be classified into two general categories- proteins that generate mechanical forces and proteins that are subjected to mechanical forces. Proteins providing mechanical support to the structure of the cell, such as keratin, are subjected to mechanical force, whereas proteins involved in cell movement and transport of molecules across cell membranes, such as an ion pump, are examples of generating mechanical force.

Structural Protein Function

Structural Protein Function

Structural proteins are a category of proteins responsible for functions ranging from cell shape and movement to providing support to major structures such as bones, cartilage, hair, and muscles. This group includes proteins such as collagen, actin, myosin, and keratin.
Collagen, the most abundant protein in mammals, is found throughout the body. In connective tissue, such as skin, ligaments, and tendons, it provides tensile strength and elasticity. In bones and teeth, it mineralizes to form...

Overview of Myosin Structure and Function

Overview of Myosin Structure and Function

Myosins are a family of molecular motor proteins, first identified in the skeletal muscles, where they are responsible for muscle contraction. Along with their role in muscle contraction, these proteins also play a role in the intracellular transport of molecules and vesicles. There are twenty-four classes of myosins based on their domain sequence and organization. Of the twenty-four, six classes (Myosin I, Myosin II, Myosin V, Myosin VI, Myosin VII, and Myosin X) have been well characterized.

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria

Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
Sorting of outer membrane proteins:
Mitochondrial outer membrane proteins are of two types: the transmembrane, beta-barrel porins, and the membrane-anchored, alpha-helical proteins. Beta-barrel porin precursors are translocated by the TOM complex and inserted into the outer mitochondrial membrane by the SAM complex. In contrast,...

Mechanical Protein Function

Mechanical Protein Function

Proteins perform many mechanical functions in a cell. These proteins can be classified into two general categories- proteins that generate mechanical forces and proteins that are subjected to mechanical forces. Proteins providing mechanical support to the structure of the cell, such as keratin, are subjected to mechanical force, whereas proteins involved in cell movement and transport of molecules across cell membranes, such as an ion pump, are examples of generating mechanical force.

Structural Protein Function

Structural Protein Function

Structural proteins are a category of proteins responsible for functions ranging from cell shape and movement to providing support to major structures such as bones, cartilage, hair, and muscles. This group includes proteins such as collagen, actin, myosin, and keratin.
Collagen, the most abundant protein in mammals, is found throughout the body. In connective tissue, such as skin, ligaments, and tendons, it provides tensile strength and elasticity. In bones and teeth, it mineralizes to form...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2026

A Protocol for Functional Assessment of Whole-Protein Saturation Mutagenesis Libraries Utilizing High-Throughput Sequencing

A Protocol for Functional Assessment of Whole-Protein Saturation Mutagenesis Libraries Utilizing High-Throughput Sequencing

Published on: July 3, 2016

Deep structure-function analysis of the endonuclease Mus81 with dominant mutational scanning.

Anthony Oppedisano¹, Melanie L Bailey¹, Arun Kumar²

¹Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, BC, Canada.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

|June 18, 2025

Summary

Dominant genetic variants in MUS81 reveal critical protein structure-function relationships. These findings link specific amino acid changes to genotoxic stress sensitivity and synthetic lethality, advancing our understanding of DNA repair mechanisms.

Keywords:

deep mutational scanning dominant genetics genetic interactions structure function analysis variant analysis

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Published on: February 3, 2023

Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Genetics
Biochemistry

Background:

Understanding protein structure-function is key to deciphering molecular mechanisms and genetic variation impacts.
Loss-of-function variants are common, but dominant negative/gain-of-function variants offer richer insights by retaining proteoform stability.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate protein structure-function relationships of the Mus81 endonuclease.
To identify amino acid variants conferring dominant sensitivity to genotoxic stress and synthetic lethality using deep mutational scanning.

Main Methods:

Ectopic expression of deep mutational scanning libraries for over 2,200 MUS81 variants.
Screening for dominant phenotypes, including sensitivity to genotoxic stress and synthetic lethality.
Assessing the requirement of the Mus81 binding protein, Mms4, for the dominant phenotype.

Main Results:

Identified 13 amino acids in MUS81 that, when altered, elicit a dominant phenotype.
Dominant variants require Mms4 and cluster on a contiguous surface, affecting catalytic magnesium binding or the hydrophobic wedge.
Conserved variants in yeast and human cells caused dominant sensitivity to replication stress and synthetic growth defects.

Conclusions:

Dominant genetics via ectopic expression of variant libraries effectively links protein structure to function.
The identified dominant MUS81 variants provide insights into DNA repair mechanisms and molecular function.
These variants exhibit distinct phenotypes from MUS81 knockouts, highlighting the utility of dominant approaches.