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Vasectomy is a surgical form of male sterilization that involves severing and sealing the vasa deferentia, preventing sperm from mixing with semen during ejaculation. Because a vasectomy does not impact the testes' ability to produce testosterone, hormone levels, libido, and sexual function generally remain unchanged. While vasectomy is highly effective in preventing pregnancy, with a success rate near 99.85%, rare cases of recanalization (spontaneous reconnection) can occur. Although...
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The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
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Female infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse and affects about 10–15% of couples worldwide. The primary cause of female infertility is ovulatory disorders, which hinder the release of eggs. These disorders can be classified as hypothalamic amenorrhea, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian failure, and hyperprolactinemic anovulation disorders.
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The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
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The gonads, namely the testes in males and the ovaries in females, are pivotal in producing gonadal hormones that orchestrate the intricate processes of sexual development and reproduction.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 19, 2025

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Oral contraceptive use in Canada.

Michelle Rotermann1

  • 1Health Analysis and Modelling Division, Statistics Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

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|June 18, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Oral contraceptives (OCs) are widely used by reproductive-aged women in Canada, offering pregnancy prevention and other benefits. Most users opt for combined estrogen-progestin formulations, with many using them long-term.

Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Health
  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Oral contraceptives (OCs) have been available in Canada since 1969.
  • OCs are the most common reversible contraception and frequently used medication by reproductive-aged women in Canada.
  • OC use provides protection against unplanned pregnancy and offers non-contraceptive health benefits.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide detailed data on current and lifetime oral contraceptive (OC) use in Canada.
  • To analyze OC use patterns based on sociodemographic characteristics and formulation types.
  • To examine the duration of OC use among Canadian women.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized combined data from four cycles (2007-2009 to 2018-2019) of Statistics Canada's Canadian Health Measures Survey.
Keywords:
contraceptionestrogenpregnancy preventionprogestinreproductive health

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  • Employed logistic regression to assess associations between current OC use and various factors.
  • Analyzed data from 2016-2017 and 2018-2019 cycles for lifetime use and duration.

    • Main Results:

    • An average of 15.9% of non-pregnant women (15-49 years) used OCs in the past 30 days.
    • Most OCs used were combined estrogen-progestin (98.6%), with 48.7% being low-dose formulations (10-25 mcg ethinylestradiol).
    • Higher OC use was observed in younger women (15-39), those with no children, non-racialized/non-Indigenous women, and sexually active individuals. 53.9% reported former use, with a majority using OCs for at least four years.

    Conclusions:

    • Significant numbers of reproductive-aged women in Canada currently use or have previously used oral contraceptives.
    • Findings highlight the sustained importance of OCs in Canadian reproductive health strategies.
    • Further research can inform targeted public health initiatives regarding contraceptive choices and long-term use.