Advances in 3D-printed transdermal microneedle patches for antifungal therapy: Current scenario and challenges

Skin fungal infection and systemic fungal infections are highly prevalent, causing significant healthcare burden. Addressing the pervasive and sometimes life-threatening nature of fungal infections has spurred extensive research into novel therapeutic strategies, particularly focusing on effective drug formulations and innovative delivery routes. Among this transdermal drug delivery (TDD) using microneedles (MNs) is a promising approach. 3D-printed MN patches are composed of arrays of tiny, needle-like structures engineered to facilitate the delivery of therapeutic agents by breaching the stratum corneum. Using the precision of 3D printing and improved drug delivery of MNs, 3D-printed transdermal MNs present a promising approach to manage fungal infections. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of recent literature on the use of 3D-printed MNs for antifungal therapy, emphasizing advancements in fabrication methods, drug incorporation techniques, and preclinical assessment outcomes. Furthermore, the study informs on various novel innovations employing antifungal agent administered through transdermal patches, demonstrating their efficacy and superiority over traditional methods. The majority of the studies are in vitro experimental studies, highlighting the need for human trials to translate 3D-printed MN-based TDD into clinical practice. The findings highlight the promise of 3D-printed microneedle patches in transforming transdermal antifungal therapy; however, extensive clinical validation remains crucial for regulatory endorsement and practical implementation.