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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Microbiology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • The infant brain and gut microbiome undergo rapid development in early life.
  • Emerging evidence suggests the gut microbiome influences neurodevelopment, particularly in areas processing affect, interoception, and sensory information.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between the gut microbiome and brain structures in 2-week-old infants.
  • To identify specific microbial characteristics linked to neonatal brain development.

Main Methods:

  • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to assess brain volumes.
  • Whole genome sequencing of fecal samples characterized the gut microbiome composition.

Main Results:

  • Significant relationships were found between gut microbiome features and volumes of brain regions involved in affective, sensory, and interoceptive processing.
  • A negative association was observed between insula volume and the abundance of Veillonella.
  • Alpha diversity and functional pathways also correlated with insula structure; Enterobacter abundance was negatively associated with thalamus volume.

Conclusions:

  • These findings support a developing gut-brain axis, demonstrating early links between the gut microbiome and brain structure at 2 weeks of age.
  • The insula appears particularly sensitive to gut microbiome influences during the neonatal period.
  • Further research is needed to explore the mechanisms and long-term implications of these early gut-brain interactions on neurodevelopment and behavior.