Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...

T Cell Types and Functions

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...

Tumor Immunotherapy

Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Discovery of Novel Isoxazole-Based FXR Agonists Containing a 1,2,4-Oxadiazol-5(4H)-one Ring.

Journal of medicinal chemistry·2026

Same author

19-<i>nor</i>-Clerodane Diterpenoid Dimers from <i>Croton euryphyllus</i> and Their NLRP3 Inflammasome Inhibitory Activity.

Organic letters·2026

Same author

Association between Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW)-related inflammatory biomarkers and prognosis in ICU Cirrhosis patients: Evidence from the MIMIC-IV.

PloS one·2026

Same author

Network pharmacology of Sijunzi decoction in pancreatic cancer.

Chinese clinical oncology·2026

Same author

Neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy versus neoadjuvant chemoradioimmunotherapy for locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

International journal of clinical oncology·2026

Same author

A first-in-class pulsatile FXR agonist for bile-acid-related liver diseases.

Nature·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 19, 2025

Tailoring In Vivo Cytotoxicity Assays to Study Immunodominance in Tumor-specific CD8+ T Cell Responses

Tailoring In Vivo Cytotoxicity Assays to Study Immunodominance in Tumor-specific CD8+ T Cell Responses

Published on: May 6, 2019

CARD11 signaling regulates CD8⁺ T cell tumoricidal function.

Yu Hu¹, Qifan Zhao¹, Yingquan Qin¹

¹Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.

Nature Immunology

|June 18, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

T-cell receptor (TCR) signal strength, modulated by CARD11 protein, influences T-cell exhaustion in tumors. Fine-tuning this signaling can enhance anti-tumor immunity and improve cancer immunotherapy outcomes.

More Related Videos

Real Time Detection of In Vitro Tumor Cell Apoptosis Induced by CD8+ T Cells to Study Immune Suppressive Functions of Tumor-infiltrating Myeloid Cells

Real Time Detection of In Vitro Tumor Cell Apoptosis Induced by CD8+ T Cells to Study Immune Suppressive Functions of Tumor-infiltrating Myeloid Cells

Published on: January 29, 2019

Tumor Transplantation for Assessing the Dynamics of Tumor-Infiltrating CD8+ T Cells in Mice

Tumor Transplantation for Assessing the Dynamics of Tumor-Infiltrating CD8+ T Cells in Mice

Published on: June 12, 2021

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 19, 2025

Tailoring In Vivo Cytotoxicity Assays to Study Immunodominance in Tumor-specific CD8+ T Cell Responses

Tailoring In Vivo Cytotoxicity Assays to Study Immunodominance in Tumor-specific CD8+ T Cell Responses

Published on: May 6, 2019

Real Time Detection of In Vitro Tumor Cell Apoptosis Induced by CD8+ T Cells to Study Immune Suppressive Functions of Tumor-infiltrating Myeloid Cells

Real Time Detection of In Vitro Tumor Cell Apoptosis Induced by CD8+ T Cells to Study Immune Suppressive Functions of Tumor-infiltrating Myeloid Cells

Published on: January 29, 2019

Tumor Transplantation for Assessing the Dynamics of Tumor-Infiltrating CD8+ T Cells in Mice

Tumor Transplantation for Assessing the Dynamics of Tumor-Infiltrating CD8+ T Cells in Mice

Published on: June 12, 2021

Area of Science:

Immunology
Molecular Biology
Cancer Research

Background:

Chronic tumor microenvironment stimulation leads to exhausted CD8+ T (T_ex) cells, impairing anti-tumor responses.
T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling is crucial for T-cell function and differentiation.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the role of T-cell receptor (TCR) signal strength, mediated by CARD11, in T_ex cell differentiation and anti-tumor activity.
To explore the potential of modulating TCR signaling for enhancing cancer immunotherapy.

Main Methods:

Utilized patient-derived mutations in the CARD11 protein to manipulate TCR signaling strength.
Analyzed the impact of varying TCR signaling on T_ex cell differentiation, tumor growth, and TCR repertoire.
Investigated the mechanistic role of CARD11 in regulating TCR complex homeostasis.

Main Results:

An inverse correlation was observed between TCR signal strength and T_ex cell differentiation.
Strong TCR signaling (E134G mutant) inhibited T_ex differentiation, promoting tumor growth.
Reduced TCR signaling (K215M mutant) enhanced T_ex differentiation and tumor control by restraining the TCR repertoire.

Conclusions:

CARD11 acts as a TCR signal-strength sensor, controlling the T_ex cell repertoire.
Fine-tuning CARD11-mediated TCR signaling can expand the TCR repertoire during T_ex differentiation.
Modulating TCR signal strength offers a promising strategy to reinvigorate anti-tumor function and improve cancer immunotherapy.