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Thermodynamic Systems

Thermodynamic Systems

A thermodynamic system is a set of objects whose thermodynamic properties are of interest. The system is considered to be embedded in its surroundings or the environment. The system and its environment can exchange heat and do work on each other through a boundary that separates them. However, the immediate surroundings of the system interact with it directly and therefore have a much stronger influence on its behavior and properties.
Consider an example of tea boiling in a kettle. The...

Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

Experimentally, if object A is in equilibrium with object B, and object B is in equilibrium with object C, then object A is in equilibrium with object C. That statement of transitivity is called the "zeroth law of thermodynamics." For example, a cold metal block and a hot metal block are both placed on a metal plate at room temperature. Eventually, the cold block and the plate will be in thermal equilibrium. In addition, the hot block and the plate will be in thermal equilibrium.

Cyclic Processes And Isolated Systems

Cyclic Processes And Isolated Systems

A thermodynamic system with zero heat exchange and work is an isolated system. For these systems, the internal energy remains constant.
In the case of a non-isolated system, the change in the internal energy is zero only if the process is cyclic. A thermodynamic process is considered cyclic if the system undergoes a series of changes and returns to its initial state.
Consider a cyclic process that returns to its initial state, undergoing a four-step process. The heat transfer along each...

Path Between Thermodynamics States

Path Between Thermodynamics States

Consider the two thermodynamic processes involving an ideal gas that are represented by paths AC and ABC in Figure 1:

Reversible and Irreversible Processes

Reversible and Irreversible Processes

The thermodynamic processes can be classified into reversible and irreversible processes. The processes that can be restored to their initial state are called reversible processes. It is only possible if the process is in quasi-static equilibrium, i.e., it takes place in infinitesimally small steps, and the system remains at equilibrium However, these are ideal processes and do not occur naturally. An ideal system undergoing a reversible process is always in thermodynamic equilibrium within...

First Law of Thermodynamics

First Law of Thermodynamics

A change in the internal energy of a system depends on the the net heat transfer into the system and the net work done by the system. The first law of thermodynamics, which is a generalized form of energy conservation, relates these three quantities mathematically. It states that the change in the internal energy equals the difference between the heat transfer and work done by the system.
The applied heat increases the internal energy of a system. Hence, conventionally heat is considered...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 19, 2025

An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids

An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids

Published on: December 4, 2017

Interacting systems with zero thermodynamic curvature.

Juan Rodrigo¹, Ian Vega¹

¹University of the Philippines, National Institute of Physics, Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines.

Physical Review. E

|June 19, 2025

Summary

This study explores Ruppeiner

Area of Science:

Thermodynamics
Statistical Mechanics
Physical Chemistry

Background:

Ruppeiner's conjecture links interparticle interactions to thermodynamic curvature.
Two viable Ruppeiner metrics and curvature scalars exist, based on constant volume or particle number constraints.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate systems with zero thermodynamic curvature and nontrivial interactions.
To extend Ruppeiner's conjecture by analyzing systems where curvature scalars vanish.

Main Methods:

Reviewing Ruppeiner's conjecture and its implications.
Analyzing systems with vanishing curvature scalars.
Employing an inversion procedure on virial coefficients to understand interactions.
Examining the hard-sphere potential and inverse-power potentials.

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Uncoupling Coriolis Force and Rotating Buoyancy Effects on Full-Field Heat Transfer Properties of a Rotating Channel

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Pulling Membrane Nanotubes from Giant Unilamellar Vesicles

Pulling Membrane Nanotubes from Giant Unilamellar Vesicles

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 19, 2025

An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids

An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids

Published on: December 4, 2017

Uncoupling Coriolis Force and Rotating Buoyancy Effects on Full-Field Heat Transfer Properties of a Rotating Channel

Uncoupling Coriolis Force and Rotating Buoyancy Effects on Full-Field Heat Transfer Properties of a Rotating Channel

Published on: October 5, 2018

Pulling Membrane Nanotubes from Giant Unilamellar Vesicles

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Main Results:

Demonstrated existence of thermodynamic systems with zero curvature but nontrivial interactions.
Identified the hard-sphere potential and a specific inverse-power potential as examples.
Showed that the ideal gas is the only physical system where both curvature scalars vanish.

Conclusions:

Nontrivial zero-curvature systems are not always unphysical.
Proposed an extension to Ruppeiner's conjecture based on the unique properties of the ideal gas.