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P-N junction

P-N junction

A p-n junction is formed when p-type and n-type semiconductor materials are joined together. At the interface of the p-n junction, holes from the p-side and electrons from the n-side begin to diffuse into the opposite sides due to the concentration gradient. This diffusion of carriers leads to a region around the junction where there are no free charge carriers, known as the depletion region. The charge density within the depletion region for the n-side and p-side can be described by the...

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Ambient Method for the Production of an Ionically Gated Carbon Nanotube Common Cathode in Tandem Organic Solar Cells

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Published on: November 5, 2014

Charge Extraction Multilayers Enable Positive-Intrinsic-Negative Perovskite Solar Cells with Carbon Electrodes.

Tino Lukas^1,2, Seongrok Seo¹, Philippe Holzhey¹

¹Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, U.K.

ACS Energy Letters

|June 19, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study explores carbon electrodes for perovskite solar cells (PSCs), overcoming deposition challenges in inverted (p-i-n) configurations. A novel SnO2/PEDOT:PSS layer boosts efficiency and stability for printable, metal-free perovskite photovoltaics.

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Influence of Hybrid Perovskite Fabrication Methods on Film Formation, Electronic Structure, and Solar Cell Performance

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Influence of Hybrid Perovskite Fabrication Methods on Film Formation, Electronic Structure, and Solar Cell Performance

Influence of Hybrid Perovskite Fabrication Methods on Film Formation, Electronic Structure, and Solar Cell Performance

Published on: February 27, 2017

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Renewable Energy
Photovoltaics

Background:

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) offer high power conversion efficiencies but often use costly and unstable noble metal contacts.
Carbon-based electrodes present a cheaper, more stable alternative, but their integration into inverted (p-i-n) PSC architectures requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

To systematically assess the compatibility of inverted (p-i-n) PSC architectures with carbon top electrodes.
To identify and address challenges related to electron transport layers and carbon electrode deposition.
To develop a stable and efficient carbon-electrode system for perovskite solar cells.

Main Methods:

Investigated incompatibilities between common electron transport layers and carbon electrode deposition processes.
Characterized unique semiconducting properties of carbon electrodes impacting charge extraction.
Introduced a double-layer structure comprising atomic layer deposited tin oxide (SnO2) and PEDOT:PSS.

Main Results:

Identified critical incompatibilities hindering direct use of common electron transport layers with carbon electrodes.
Discovered novel semiconducting behaviors in carbon electrodes relevant to charge extraction.
Achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 16.1% with the optimized SnO2/PEDOT:PSS layer.
Demonstrated excellent stability, retaining 94% of initial performance after 500 hours of outdoor aging.

Conclusions:

The developed double-layer structure effectively overcomes challenges in integrating carbon electrodes into inverted PSCs.
This work represents a significant advancement towards printable, metal-electrode-free, and evaporation-free perovskite photovoltaic technologies.
The findings pave the way for more cost-effective and durable perovskite solar cells.