Venous thromboembolism following lung transplantation

Lung transplantation (LT) is currently a surgical therapy option for end-stage lung disease. Venous thromboembolism (VTE), which can occur after LT, is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Because of improved outcomes, increasing numbers of patients are receiving LT as treatment. Patients on the waitlist for LT tend to be older with weakness and frailty in addition to pulmonary symptoms. These factors contribute to a heightened risk of postoperative VTE. Furthermore, patients who clinically deteriorate while on the waitlist may require extra corporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to LT. Bleeding and thromboembolism are common in these patients. Pulmonary embolism (PE) in a freshly transplanted lung can have significant effects leading to morbidity and mortality. PE typically leads to impairment of gas exchange and right ventricular strain. In LT, PE can affect healing of bronchial anastomosis and may even contribute to the development of chronic allograft lung dysfunction. This article discussed the incidence, clinical features and diagnosis of VTE after LT. Furthermore, the treatment modalities, complications, and outcomes of VTE were reviewed.