Confined nanoarchitectonics for nano-reactors: in situ characterization and tracking systems at the nanoscale

Nanoscale confinement environments, such as surface-confined interfaces, porous nanostructures, nanopores, and hollow nanoparticles, are increasingly recognized as powerful platforms for controlling and enhancing chemical reactions. Confinement at the nanoscale significantly alters the physical and chemical properties of reactants, enabling novel reaction pathways, accelerated kinetics, and unique catalytic behaviours. However, constructing the required nanosctuctures as well as characterizing and monitoring these reactions in real-time remains a significant challenge due to the complexity of confined environments. This review provides a comprehensive overview of state-of-the-art in situ characterization and tracking systems used to study reactions in confined interfaces. We explore cutting-edge techniques, including optical, electrochemical, and molecular-level monitoring approaches, which enable real-time analysis of reaction dynamics. Finally, we outline future directions for the development of more efficient in situ tracking systems and advanced characterization techniques, which hold the potential to unlock new frontiers in nanotechnology and materials science.