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Advances in vaccine adjuvant development and future perspectives.
1Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Altinbas University, Istanbul, Türkiye.
Developing new vaccine adjuvants is crucial for enhancing vaccine efficacy and safety. Advanced immunology and systems biology approaches are enabling the rational design of potent adjuvants for improved immune responses.
Area of Science:
- Vaccinology
- Immunology
- Systems Biology
Background:
- Highly purified antigens improve vaccine safety but reduce immunogenicity, necessitating adjuvants.
- Few potent and safe adjuvants are currently licensed for human vaccines.
- Advances in immunology and molecular biology enhance understanding of adjuvant mechanisms.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review current vaccine adjuvants and their mechanisms of action.
- To discuss adjuvants in licensed vaccines and clinical development.
- To explore novel adjuvant development using systems biology and artificial intelligence.
Main Methods:
- Review of scientific literature on vaccine adjuvants.
- Analysis of mechanisms of action for various adjuvant systems.
- Discussion of systems biology and artificial intelligence in adjuvant design.
Main Results:
- Aluminum salts remain widely used, but research focuses on rational design of immunostimulatory adjuvant systems.
- Systems biology provides deeper understanding of vaccination's biological events and influencing factors (sex, age, genetics, etc.).
- Tailoring adjuvants using systems biology enables precise development for enhanced vaccine efficacy and safety.
Conclusions:
- Rational design of vaccine adjuvants is advancing due to systems biology and AI.
- Future vaccine research emphasizes improving efficacy, safety, and quality through novel adjuvant strategies.
- Personalized vaccine development may be facilitated by understanding individual immune response factors.
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