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Related Concept Videos

Lipids as Anchors01:32

Lipids as Anchors

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In the plasma membrane, the lipids forming the bilayer can also act as an anchor to tether proteins to the membrane. The three main types of lipid anchors found in eukaryotes are – prenyl groups, fatty acyl groups, and glycosylphosphatidylinositol or GPI groups. Prenyl and fatty acyl groups act as anchors on the cytosolic surface of the membrane, whereas GPI anchors proteins on the extracellular side.
The carboxy-terminal of most of the prenylated proteins, such as Ras proteins, contains...
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Membrane Fluidity01:26

Membrane Fluidity

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Membrane fluidity is explained by the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane, which describes the plasma membrane structure as a mosaic of components—including phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates—that gives the membrane a fluid character.
Mosaic nature of the membrane
The mosaic characteristic of the membrane helps the plasma membrane remain fluid. The integral proteins and lipids exist as separate but loosely-attached molecules in the membrane. The membrane is...
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Membrane Domains01:18

Membrane Domains

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The membrane domains concentrate specific lipids and proteins at one place within the membrane, which helps in cell signaling, adhesion, and other critical cellular processes. These domains can differ in size, composition, function, and lifespan.
Protein Domains
The membrane comprises a group of distinct proteins responsible for carrying out a cell's specific function. For example, the plasma membrane of the human sperm, or a single germ cell, contains a unique set of proteins in the...
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Asymmetric Lipid Bilayer01:35

Asymmetric Lipid Bilayer

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Biological membranes show uneven distribution of different types of lipids in the inner and outer layers, resulting in transverse asymmetric membranes. The treatment of the erythrocyte membrane with the enzyme phospholipase confirmed the asymmetric nature of the lipid bilayer. The enzyme hydrolyzes lipids into fatty acids and hydrophilic groups. The phospholipase acts only on the outer layer of the membrane, while the inner layer remains intact. The phospholipase treatment resulted in 80%...
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Assembly of the Lipid Bilayer in the ER01:28

Assembly of the Lipid Bilayer in the ER

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Biological membranes are more than just a barrier separating cell cytoplasm from the outside environment. They are highly dynamic and help maintain the integrity and physiological stability of the cells as well as membrane-bound organelles. Membranes also play vital roles in cell-to-cell and intracellular communication.
A large chunk of any biological membrane is composed of phospholipids. These lipids have a heterogeneous distribution across different subcellular organelles and even between...
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Protein Diffusion in the Membrane01:24

Protein Diffusion in the Membrane

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Proteins show rotational as well as lateral diffusion across the membrane. The lateral diffusion of proteins was confirmed through the cell fusion experiment where mouse and human cells were fused, resulting in hybrid cells. When the human and mouse cells fused, the specific membrane proteins on human and mouse cells were marked with the red and green-fluorescent markers, respectively. Initially, the red and green fluorescence was located on the respective hemisphere of the cell. As time...
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Native Cell Membrane Nanoparticles System for Membrane Protein-Protein Interaction Analysis
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Lipid Modification and Membrane Localization of Proteins in Cell-Free System.

Rena Matsumoto1, Tatsuya Niwa2, Kaori Kuno3

  • 1GeneFrontier Corporation, 273-1 Kashiwa, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0005, Japan.

ACS Synthetic Biology
|June 19, 2025
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Summary

We developed a novel cell-free system for protein lipidation, enabling efficient myristoylation and palmitoylation. This system facilitates targeted cancer cell binding by localizing lipidated proteins onto liposomes.

Keywords:
PURE systemVHH antibodycell-free protein synthesislipid modificationliposomes

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Post-translational modifications, particularly lipid modifications, are vital for protein function and membrane localization.
  • Existing cell-free protein synthesis methods lack advanced lipidation capabilities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an efficient cell-free system for protein myristoylation and palmitoylation.
  • To enable the localization of lipidated proteins onto liposomes for targeted applications.

Main Methods:

  • Improved N-terminal glycine lipidation efficiency by modifying precursor peptides.
  • Identified N-myristoyltransferase (NMT) as a catalyst for both myristoylation and palmitoylation.
  • Utilized polyarginine sequences for enhanced liposome localization of lipidated proteins.

Main Results:

  • Successfully established a cell-free system for protein lipidation.
  • Demonstrated that NMT catalyzes both myristoylation and palmitoylation.
  • Achieved target-specific binding of lipidated VHH antibodies to cancer cells via liposome display.

Conclusions:

  • The developed cell-free system provides a versatile platform for protein lipidation and membrane display.
  • This technology holds potential for creating liposomes with targeted cell-binding capabilities for therapeutic applications.