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Smartphone Applications for Eating Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Telma Cruz1,2, Cristiana Duarte3, Tiago B Ferreira1,4

  • 1Center for Psychology at the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.

The International Journal of Eating Disorders
|June 19, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Smartphone apps show promise in reducing eating disorder (ED) symptoms like binge eating, especially for at-risk individuals. However, more high-quality research is needed to confirm their effectiveness in clinical settings.

Keywords:
eating disordersmeta‐analysisrandomized controlled trialssmartphone appssystematic review

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Area of Science:

  • Psychiatry
  • Digital Health
  • Behavioral Science

Background:

  • Eating disorders (EDs) are increasingly prevalent globally.
  • Smartphone applications (apps) are emerging as a novel intervention tool for EDs.
  • The clinical effectiveness of app-based interventions for EDs requires rigorous evaluation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on app interventions for EDs.
  • To assess the efficacy of app-based interventions in reducing ED symptomatology.
  • To identify the psychological approaches utilized in these digital interventions.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search of SCOPUS, PubMed, and EBSCO up to February 2025.
  • Adherence to PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews.
  • Meta-analysis of post-intervention data from 14 RCTs, calculating pooled effect sizes with 95% confidence intervals.

Main Results:

  • App interventions significantly reduced global ED symptomatology, shape/weight concerns, dietary restraint, binge eating, and compensatory behaviors in non-formally diagnosed samples.
  • No significant effects were observed for body dissatisfaction or drive for thinness.
  • In formally diagnosed samples, app integration into guided self-help showed a medium effect for objective binge eating; adjunctive app use did not surpass traditional therapy.

Conclusions:

  • App-based interventions demonstrate efficacy in mitigating key ED symptoms, particularly binge eating and related concerns, especially in at-risk populations.
  • Cognitive-behavioral therapy principles form the basis of most app interventions.
  • Further high-quality RCTs with larger samples and robust follow-up are essential to solidify findings.