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Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection

The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
The integrity and count of the white blood cells help the body resist pathogens and fight infection. When impaired, it reduces the body's resistance to pathogens. The acidic pH levels of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary tracts, and skin...

Decreased Body Temperature

Decreased Body Temperature

A decreased body temperature can occur in patients with hypothermia and frostbite. Heat loss with extended cold exposure overpowers the body's ability to create heat, resulting in hypothermia. Core temperature readings help classify hypothermia. Mild hypothermia is temperatures between 32 °C (89.6 °F) and 35°C (95 °F) and is caused by impaired thermoregulation. Moderate hypothermia is temperatures between 28 C (82.4 °F) and 32 °C (89.6 °F) caused by...

Factors Affecting Body Temperature

Factors Affecting Body Temperature

As a nurse, it is vital to understand the factors affecting body temperature to monitor variations and effectively evaluate deviations from regular.
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Factors Influencing Microbial Growth: Temperature

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Microorganisms display remarkable adaptations, enabling them to thrive in diverse ecological niches across a wide range of temperatures. Temperature profoundly influences microbial growth by affecting enzymatic activity, membrane fluidity, and other cellular processes.Each microorganism operates within a specific temperature range defined by three cardinal points: minimum, optimum, and maximum. Below the minimum temperature, membranes lose fluidity, halting transport processes. Above the...

Increased Body Temperature

Increased Body Temperature

A body temperature above 38°C (100.4 °F) is known as fever or pyrexia, and a person with fever is termed 'febrile.' Typically, the hypothalamus, a part of the brain that acts as the body's thermostat, regulates body temperature through a thermoregulatory setpoint. It receives signals from cold and warm thermal receptors throughout the body and adjusts the body's temperature accordingly. Fever occurs when this hypothalamic setpoint is altered, usually in...

Methods of reducing fever

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The signs and symptoms of fever include hot and dry skin, flushed face, thirst, muscle aches, anorexia, headache, tachycardia, tachypnea, and fatigue. Elevated body temperature is reduced using two methods: pharmacological and nonpharmacological. Proper identification and treatment of the root cause of a fever is of utmost importance.
Pharmacological Methods of Reducing Fever:

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A Neonatal Imaging Model of Gram-Negative Bacterial Sepsis

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Risk Factors for Serious Bacterial Infections Among Young Infants With Hypothermia: Protocol for a Multicenter,

Sriram Ramgopal¹, Paul Aronson^2,3, Douglas Lorenz⁴

¹Division of Emergency Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.

JMIR Research Protocols

|June 19, 2025

Summary

Hypothermia in infants may signal serious bacterial infection (SBI). This study aims to identify predictors of SBI in these infants to guide treatment and reduce unnecessary procedures.

Keywords:

UTI bacteremia bacterial infection bacterial meningitis environmental factors herpes herpes simplex virus hypothermia infants infectious diseases neonatal noninfectious pathologies pediatrics serious bacterial infection urinary tract infection

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Published on: January 27, 2019

Area of Science:

Pediatric Emergency Medicine
Infectious Diseases
Neonatal Care

Background:

Hypothermia in young infants presenting to the emergency department (ED) is a potential indicator of serious bacterial infection (SBI).
Understanding the epidemiology of SBI in infants with hypothermia is crucial for developing effective diagnostic and management strategies.
Improved prediction models can minimize unnecessary invasive procedures and antimicrobial exposure in infants.

Purpose of the Study:

To describe the epidemiology of SBI and herpes simplex virus (HSV) in infants with hypothermia.
To evaluate the predictive value of biomarkers for SBI in this population.
To derive and validate a multivariable predictive model for SBI in infants with hypothermia.

Main Methods:

Retrospective nested case-control study across 28 US pediatric EDs (2013-2022).
Inclusion of infants with hypothermia (rectal temperature <36.5 °C), excluding those with fever, trauma, or cardiac arrest.
Analysis includes descriptive statistics, receiver operator characteristic curves for biomarkers, and penalized mixed effects logistic regression for model development.

Main Results:

Preliminary analysis of 45,673 infants (median age 25 days, 52.9% male) from 16 sites.
Overall SBI rate of 0.7% (340 infants), with 103 cases of bacteremia or meningitis.
Mortality rate of 2.1% in infants with SBI.

Conclusions:

The study will utilize a consensus-based outcome measure for SBI and a case-control approach.
A multicenter sample from US children's hospitals will be used.
The findings aim to improve the management of young infants with hypothermia in the ED.