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Related Concept Videos

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Sensory receptors play an integral part in comprehending our external and internal environments. They receive diverse stimuli, converting them into the nervous system's electrochemical signals. This conversion occurs as the stimulus alters the sensory neuron's cell membrane potential, instigating the generation of an action potential. This action potential is subsequently transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), which integrates with other sensory data or higher cognitive...
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Sensation typically is the process by which the sensory receptors and sense organs detect stimuli from the internal and external environment and transmit this information to the central nervous system for processing.
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The somatosensory system relays sensory information from the skin, mucous membranes, limbs, and joints. Somatosensation is more familiarly known as the sense of touch. A typical somatosensory pathway includes three types of long neurons: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary neurons have cell bodies located near the spinal cord in groups of neurons called dorsal root ganglia. The sensory neurons of ganglia innervate designated areas of skin called dermatomes.
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Parasympathetic signaling plays a crucial role in regulating various physiological processes. It involves the release of acetylcholine (ACh) by parasympathetic neurons, which can have localized and short-lived effects. The majority of ACh released is rapidly inactivated at the synapse by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which hydrolyzes Ach into choline and acetate. Additionally, the tissue cholinesterase deactivates any ACh diffusing into the surrounding tissues.
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The pharmacological actions of acetylcholine are elicited via its binding to two families of cholinergic receptors or cholinoceptors, namely, muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. Muscarinic receptors are G protein-coupled receptors and have five subtypes, M1–M5. All mAChR subtypes are activated by acetylcholine and blocked by the antagonist, atropine. 
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The somatosensory system is the central and peripheral nervous system component that senses and processes touch, pressure, pain, temperature, and body position or proprioception. The process of sensation takes place at three levels:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 19, 2025

Force and Position Control in Humans - The Role of Augmented Feedback
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Cholinergic feedback for modality- and context-specific modulation of sensory representations.

Bin Yu1,2, Yuxuan Yue1, Chi Ren1

  • 1Department of Neurobiology, Department of Neurosciences, Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, and Halıcıoğlu Data Science Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Sensory processing
  • Cholinergic system

Background:

  • Prioritizing sensory information is vital for behavior, but mechanisms are unclear.
  • Basal forebrain cholinergic neurons influence olfactory bulb (OB) circuits.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate how cholinergic neurons modulate OB circuits during sensory tasks.
  • Determine the role of OB cholinergic system in olfactory processing and behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Recorded activity of OB cholinergic axons in mice during olfactory tasks and passive odor presentation.
  • Examined cholinergic axon responses in OB and dorsal cortex during olfactory and auditory tasks.
  • Inactivated OB-projecting cholinergic neurons and assessed impact on olfactory task performance and OB neural activity.

Main Results:

  • OB cholinergic axon activity correlated with orofacial movements, not passive odors.
  • During olfactory tasks, OB cholinergic axons shifted to odor-aligned responses.
  • This shift was absent in dorsal cortex projections or during auditory tasks.
  • Cholinergic neuron inactivation impaired olfactory performance and reduced OB granule cell odor responses.

Conclusions:

  • The cholinergic system dynamically modulates sensory processing.
  • This modulation is modality-specific and context-dependent, crucial for adaptive behavior.