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Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.

General Anesthesia: Overview

General Anesthesia: Overview

Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

Local anesthetics (LAs) are commonly used for various applications in medical and dental procedures. Some of the common agents used are cocaine, lidocaine, and bupivacaine.
Cocaine is an ester of benzoic acid and methylecgogine. It is used to anesthetize and vasoconstrict locally. Currently, it is used primarily for topical applications. It is beneficial for surgeries on the upper respiratory tract, providing anesthesia and shrinking the mucosa. Cocaine in the form of cocaine hydrochloride is...

Stages of General Anesthesia

Stages of General Anesthesia

Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...

Local Anesthetics: Mechanism of Action

Local Anesthetics: Mechanism of Action

Local anesthetics (LAs) block sensory and motor impulses by inhibiting the sodium channels on the nerve cell membranes. This induces temporary loss of sensation, relieving pain in a specific body area.
Local anesthetics are amphiphilic molecules consisting of a hydrophobic aromatic part linked to a hydrophilic group by an ester or amide linkage. They are weak bases and are usually available as salts, which increases their solubility and stability. Once administered, LAs exist in the body either...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 19, 2025

Use of a Piglet Model for the Study of Anesthetic-induced Developmental Neurotoxicity AIDN: A Translational Neuroscience Approach

Use of a Piglet Model for the Study of Anesthetic-induced Developmental Neurotoxicity AIDN: A Translational Neuroscience Approach

Published on: June 11, 2017

Generative AI models: the next anaesthetic agent?

Adam Julius¹, James S Bowness²

¹Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Targeted Intervention, University College London, London, UK.

British Journal of Anaesthesia

|June 19, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed an AI method to extract key data from free-text echocardiography reports, improving accuracy in cardiac anesthesia. This innovation streamlines perioperative care by automating data extraction from complex medical notes.

Keywords:

artificial intelligence foundation models generative AI large language model medical devices transoesophageal echocardiography

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Area of Science:

Cardiology
Medical Informatics
Artificial Intelligence

Background:

Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) reports in cardiac anesthesia are often unstructured narrative text.
Manual extraction of critical echocardiographic parameters from these reports is time-consuming and prone to errors.
This presents a significant data-handling challenge in perioperative care.

Discussion:

This study introduces an innovative approach using an ensemble of large language models (LLMs) within a consensus framework.
The LLM ensemble effectively extracts structured data from unstructured TEE reports.
This method achieves high accuracy and manageable error rates for key echocardiographic parameters.

Key Insights:

Automated extraction of structured data from free-text TEE reports is feasible and accurate.
Large language models demonstrate significant potential in analyzing complex clinical narratives.
The developed framework offers a robust solution for data extraction in cardiac anesthesia.

Outlook:

This AI-driven method can enhance the efficiency and reliability of data analysis in perioperative medicine.
Broader applications of AI in streamlining clinical workflows and improving patient care are anticipated.
Future work may involve refining LLM performance and integrating this system into existing electronic health records.