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Remote biofilm dislodgment using focused acoustic vortex.

Chih-Hsien Li1, Wei-Hao Chao1, Ping-Ching Wu2

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.

Ultrasonics Sonochemistry
|June 19, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Focused acoustic vortex (FAV) effectively removes biofilms, a major challenge in chronic infections. This novel ultrasound technique offers a safer, faster alternative to conventional methods and focused ultrasound, with minimal thermal effects and enhanced antibiotic synergy.

Keywords:
Acoustic streamingAcoustic vortexBiofilmUltrasoundVortical flow

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Acoustics
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Biofilms pose significant challenges in treating implant-associated and chronic infections due to their resilience and drug resistance.
  • Rising implant demand necessitates advanced biofilm removal strategies.
  • Conventional methods and focused ultrasound (FUS) have limitations including invasiveness, cost, and potential tissue damage.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the feasibility and efficacy of focused acoustic vortex (FAV) for biofilm removal.
  • To compare the biofilm removal capabilities of FAV and FUS.
  • To elucidate the primary mechanism of biofilm disruption by FAV and assess its biosafety.

Main Methods:

  • An in vitro biofilm model using Escherichia coli was established.
  • A 2-MHz ultrasound transducer generated either FAV or FUS.
  • Biofilm removal was quantified, and acoustic streaming velocity and cell viability were measured.

Main Results:

  • FAV generated a controllable centripetal vortical flow, significantly enhancing acoustic streaming compared to FUS.
  • FAV removed 97% of biofilm in 180s at 1.75 MPa with a 10% duty cycle, while FUS required 4 MPa for 10 minutes for 95.8% removal.
  • Acoustic streaming velocity strongly correlated with biofilm removal (R² = 0.99), with minimal thermal elevation (<5°C) and no significant cell viability reduction.
  • Combined FAV treatment with antibiotics suppressed biofilm regrowth for up to 72 hours, reducing bacterial concentration by 91%.

Conclusions:

  • FAV is a highly effective and biosafety technique for in vitro biofilm removal.
  • Acoustic streaming is the primary mechanism for FAV-mediated biofilm disruption.
  • FAV shows promise for synergistic treatment with antibiotics to combat biofilm infections.