Factors related to the occurrence of mass psychogenic illness in schools: a systematic review

Mass psychogenic illness (MPI), also known as mass hysteria, is a phenomenon where a group of individuals exhibit similar symptoms without any identifiable organic cause. MPI outbreaks in school settings can lead to significant disruptions and psychological distress among students. This systematic review aimed to identify and characterize the factors contributing to the initiation and progression of MPI outbreaks in schools through an analysis of the existing literature.

A comprehensive search was conducted in electronic databases, including Cochrane Library, PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science to identify relevant articles published in English. Studies were screened based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Moreover, grey literature search, hand searching, and backward/forward citation searching were performed. Data extraction was performed using a standardized form to collect information on outbreak characteristics, contributing factors, and symptom patterns.

Nineteen studies were included. We identified 10 distinct factors associated with MPI outbreaks in schools, including (1) the spread of rumors and misinformation, (2) community pressure and persistent rumor dissemination, (3) lack of attention to mental disorders, (4) anxiety due to pseudo causation, (5) negative perception of the authorities, (6) the presence of psychological stressors, (7) media coverage and public anxiety, (8) physical proximity and perceived threat, (9) social media influence, and (10) psychological vulnerability. These factors were found to act as causal triggers or exacerbating elements, leading to the initiation and amplification of MPI outbreaks.

This study highlights the complex nature of MPI outbreaks in school settings and emphasizes the importance of understanding the social and psychological factors that contribute to their occurrence and spread. The identified factors can serve as valuable indicators for schools and health authorities to effectively manage and support students during such incidents. Further research is needed to explore the interplay of these factors in different cultural and educational contexts and to develop targeted interventions for the prevention and mitigation of MPI outbreaks in schools.