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Related Concept Videos

Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...
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Heterochromatin02:38

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The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions that take up more dye are called heterochromatin. Heterochromatin is further classified into two forms – constitutive heterochromatin and facultative heterochromatin.
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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
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Updated: Sep 18, 2025

Immunohistochemical Detection of 5-Methylcytosine and 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine in Developing and Postmitotic Mouse Retina
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Immunohistochemical Detection of 5-Methylcytosine and 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine in Developing and Postmitotic Mouse Retina

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Cell identity and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine.

Floris Honig1, Adele Murrell2

  • 1Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK. fh601@bath.ac.uk.

Epigenetics & Chromatin
|June 19, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cell identity is regulated by epigenetic factors. 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, an epigenetic modification, plays a key role in controlling cell plasticity and identity conversions by influencing DNA demethylation and gene regulatory programs.

Keywords:
5-hydroxymethylcytosineCell conversionsCell identityEpigenetic barriersEpigenetic mechanisms

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Area of Science:

  • Epigenetics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Cellular identity is maintained by epigenetic factors regulating transcriptional networks.
  • Cell conversions involve transcription factor binding, altering gene regulatory programs.
  • Epigenetic mechanisms and cell plasticity are interconnected, influencing cellular identity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in cell identity conversions.
  • To explore the relationship between 5-hydroxymethylcytosine and other epigenetic mechanisms.
  • To understand how epigenetic dynamics control cell plasticity and phenotype.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of epigenetic mechanisms.
  • Analysis of the role of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in DNA demethylation.
  • Examination of transcription factor binding and gene regulatory programs.

Main Results:

  • 5-hydroxymethylcytosine is a crucial intermediate in DNA demethylation.
  • This epigenetic modification influences epigenetic dynamics and cell plasticity.
  • It plays a significant role in directing cell identity conversions.

Conclusions:

  • 5-hydroxymethylcytosine is integral to maintaining and converting cellular identity.
  • Understanding its interplay with other epigenetic mechanisms is key to controlling cell fate.
  • This modification impacts the susceptibility of the epigenome to transcription factor-mediated changes.