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Chemolithotrophs are microorganisms that obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic molecules such as hydrogen gas (H₂), ammonia (NH₃), reduced sulfur compounds (H₂S, S²⁻), and ferrous iron (Fe²⁺). Unlike heterotrophic organisms that rely on organic carbon, chemolithotrophs transfer electrons from these inorganic donors to the electron transport chain (ETC), generating a proton motive force (PMF) that drives ATP synthesis through oxidative phosphorylation.
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Redox reactions are vital biochemical processes that underpin energy metabolism in cells. These reactions involve the transfer of electrons between molecules, occurring in tandem as oxidation and reduction. Oxidation refers to the loss of electrons, while reduction denotes their gain. This coupling ensures the seamless flow of electrons through metabolic pathways. For example, in bacterial metabolism, glucose undergoes oxidation to carbon dioxide, while oxygen is simultaneously reduced to...
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Boosting Electrochemical Nitrate Reduction Over a Wide Concentration Range through Constructing Bidirectional

Taiquan Rao1, Yating Chen1, Yaohua Hong1

  • 1National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Energy Conservation in Chemical Process Integration and Resources Utilization, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, PR China.

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Summary

A new Co/Cu/NC catalyst efficiently converts nitrate (NO3-) to ammonia (NH3) across a wide concentration range. This breakthrough addresses challenges in green ammonia synthesis and nitrogen cycling for industrial applications.

Keywords:
active hydrogenbidirectional electron transport channelelectrochemical NO3− reductionstructure−activity relationshipswide NO3− concentration range

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Green Chemistry

Background:

  • Electrocatalytic nitrate reduction reaction (NO3RR) to ammonia (NH3) offers sustainable nitrogen cycling and green NH3 synthesis.
  • Challenges in NO3RR include mass transfer limitations at low nitrate concentrations and insufficient hydrogen supply at high concentrations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and evaluate a novel three-layer composite catalyst (Co/Cu/NC) for efficient NO3RR over a broad concentration range.
  • To understand the catalytic mechanism, particularly the role of bidirectional electron transport in enhancing performance.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of Co@Cu core-shell nanoparticles embedded in N-doped carbon substrates (Co@Cux/NC).
  • Electrocatalytic performance testing of the Co@Cu1.0/NC catalyst across a wide range of nitrate concentrations (1–2000 mM).
  • Experimental and theoretical studies (e.g., DFT) to elucidate the reaction mechanism and active sites.

Main Results:

  • The optimal Co@Cu1.0/NC catalyst demonstrated remarkable ammonia yield and Faradaic efficiency (FENH3) over a wide potential window and nitrate concentration range.
  • Bidirectional electron transport between electron-deficient Cu sites (favoring nitrate adsorption and conversion to *NO2) and electron-rich Co sites (facilitating H2O dissociation to *H) was confirmed.
  • The catalyst effectively addresses challenges posed by varying nitrate concentrations, from textile effluents to nuclear waste.

Conclusions:

  • The designed Co/Cu/NC catalyst provides a highly effective solution for NO3RR across an unprecedented range of nitrate concentrations.
  • The bidirectional electron transport mechanism offers a novel strategy for designing advanced electrocatalysts for NO3RR.
  • This work paves the way for practical applications in green ammonia synthesis and wastewater treatment.