Ferroelectric Domains and Evolution Dynamics in Twisted CuInP₂S₆ Bilayers

Polar domains and their manipulation-particularly the creation and dynamic control-have garnered significant attention, owing to their rich physics and promising applications in digital memory devices. In this work, using density functional theory (DFT) and deep learning molecular dynamics (DLMD) simulations, it is demonstrated that polar domains can be created and manipulated in twisted bilayers of ferroelectric CuInP₂S₆, as a result of interfacial ferroelectric (antiferroelectric) coupling in AA (AB) stacked region. Unlike the topological polar vortex and skyrmions observed in superlattices of (PbTiO₃)_n/(SrTiO₃)_n and sliding bilayers of BN and MoS₂, the underlying mechanism of polar domain formation in this system arises from stacking-dependent energy barriers for ferroelectric switching and variations in switching speeds under thermal perturbations. Notably, the thermal stability and polarization lifetimes are highly sensitive to twist angles and temperature, and can be further manipulated by external electric fields and strain. Through multi-scale simulations, this study provides a novel approach to exploring how twist angles influence domain evolution and underscores the potential for controlling local polarization in ferroelectric materials via rotational manipulation.