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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 18, 2025

Author Spotlight: Preservation of Bioenergetic Parameters in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells After Cryopreservation
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Circulating Citrate is Elevated During Profound Hypothyroidism: An Observational Study.

Yakun Li1, Mirthe H Links2, Adrian Post3

  • 1Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.

Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders
|June 20, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Profound hypothyroidism significantly increases circulating citrate levels, a potential marker of mitochondrial dysfunction. This finding suggests considering thyroid status when assessing citrate

Keywords:
circulating citratedifferentiated thyroid carcinomahypothyroidismketone bodiesmitochondrial dysfunctionnuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopythyroid stimulating hormone

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolism

Background:

  • Circulating citrate is a potential biomarker for mitochondrial dysfunction and mortality.
  • Thyroid hormones play a crucial role in regulating metabolic processes.
  • Hypothyroidism, a condition of insufficient thyroid hormone, can lead to widespread metabolic disturbances.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of profound hypothyroidism on circulating citrate levels.
  • To explore citrate as a potential biomarker in the context of thyroid dysfunction.
  • To assess the relationship between thyroid status and mitochondrial function indicators.

Main Methods:

  • Observational study involving 16 differentiated thyroid carcinoma patients.
  • Measurements taken during induced hypothyroidism (post-thyroidectomy) and after thyroid hormone supplementation.
  • Circulating citrate and ketone bodies quantified using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Main Results:

  • Circulating citrate was 72% higher during profound hypothyroidism (mean TSH 106 mU/L) compared to thyroid hormone administration (mean TSH 0.20 mU/L).
  • The increase in citrate during hypothyroidism remained significant after adjusting for estimated glomerular filtration rate and body mass index.
  • Total ketone bodies showed no significant change during hypothyroidism.

Conclusions:

  • Short-term profound hypothyroidism causes a substantial increase in circulating citrate.
  • This increase is likely linked to hypothyroidism-induced mitochondrial dysfunction.
  • Thyroid function status should be considered when interpreting circulating citrate levels in relation to health outcomes.