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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Sociology
  • Criminology

Background:

  • Labeling sexual assault experiences can evolve post-victimization.
  • Understanding shifts in how survivors define sexual assault is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine how and why survivors change their labeling of sexual assault over time.
  • To identify factors influencing these labeling changes.

Main Methods:

  • Survey of 380 college students with a history of sexual assault.
  • Retrospective and current self-labeling of a sexual assault experience.
  • Qualitative content analysis of open-ended responses explaining label changes.

Main Results:

  • Over half of survivors maintained consistent labeling; 36.1% increased, and 7.9% decreased the extent of labeling.
  • Queer (LGBTQ+) survivors showed the most change; cisgender heterosexual men showed the least.
  • Five key themes emerged for label change: meaning-making, attributions, uncertainty, assault characteristics, and consequences.

Conclusions:

  • Survivors' use of the "sexual assault" label can decrease over time.
  • Label changes are influenced by event, individual, interpersonal, and societal factors.
  • Recognizing the dynamic nature of labeling is vital for supporting survivors.