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Related Concept Videos

Herpes01:28

Herpes

Herpes simplex type 1 (HSV‑1) is a widespread pathogen responsible for orolabial lesions. It is an enveloped, double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) virus belonging to the family Herpesviridae. Once the virus infects a host cell, its double‑stranded DNA genome is delivered into the nucleus, where a coordinated cascade of immediate‑early, early, and late gene expression directs viral DNA replication, structural protein synthesis, and virion assembly. After primary infection of epithelial cells, HSV-1...
Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis01:30

Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis

Protein synthesis is indispensable for viral replication, as viruses lack the cellular machinery required for this process and must hijack the host's translational apparatus. In response, host cells deploy a critical innate immune defense involving interferons, specialized cytokines that play a central role in inhibiting viral propagation.Upon viral detection, infected cells release interferons that bind to receptors on adjacent uninfected cells, activating the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and...
Antiviral Nucleoside Inhibitors01:22

Antiviral Nucleoside Inhibitors

Antiviral Nucleoside InhibitorsAntiviral nucleoside inhibitors are structural analogs of natural nucleosides that interfere with viral DNA or RNA synthesis. These compounds selectively target viral polymerases due to their resemblance to host nucleosides, thereby disrupting viral genome replication.Mechanism of Acyclovir ActionAcyclovir is a guanosine analog with a three-carbon acyclic side chain. It selectively targets herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2),...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Ex Vivo Organotypic Corneal Model of Acute Epithelial Herpes Simplex Virus Type I Infection
07:55

Ex Vivo Organotypic Corneal Model of Acute Epithelial Herpes Simplex Virus Type I Infection

Published on: November 3, 2012

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Hexokinase-2 as a Therapeutic Target: Alleviating Herpes Simplex Keratitis Through Metabolic Reprogramming.

Dan Jiang1,2, Yining Sun1,2, Xintong Yu1,2

  • 1National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China.

Advanced Science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)
|June 20, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Herpes simplex keratitis (HSK) involves a metabolic shift to glycolysis, driven by hexokinase-2 (HK2). Inhibiting HK2 with lonidamine reduces viral load and promotes healing, offering a new vision-preserving therapy.

Keywords:
herpes simplex keratitishexokinase‐2lonidaminemetabolismregeneration

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Virology
  • Metabolic Medicine

Background:

  • Herpes simplex keratitis (HSK) is a major infectious cause of blindness globally.
  • Current treatments focus on viral replication, not host cell damage, leading to vision loss.
  • HSK pathogenesis involves metabolic reprogramming in corneal cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the metabolic alterations in HSK.
  • To evaluate the therapeutic potential of targeting hexokinase-2 (HK2) in HSK.
  • To assess the efficacy of lonidamine, an HK2 inhibitor, in HSK models.

Main Methods:

  • RNA sequencing of corneal tissue from HSK patients and healthy donors.
  • In vitro studies using human corneal epithelial cells treated with lonidamine.
  • In vivo studies using a murine model of HSK treated with topical lonidamine.

Main Results:

  • HSK corneas show a metabolic shift from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis, with significant HK2 upregulation.
  • HK2 inhibition with lonidamine reduced herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) replication and preserved cell viability.
  • In vivo, lonidamine restored mitochondrial activity, decreased viral load, and accelerated corneal healing, outperforming ganciclovir in early treatment.

Conclusions:

  • HK2-driven glycolytic reprogramming is a key pathogenic mechanism in HSK.
  • Metabolic targeting of HK2 offers a dual benefit of restricting viral spread and promoting tissue regeneration.
  • Targeting HK2 represents a promising, clinically translatable strategy to preserve vision in HSK patients.