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Sex Differences in Head Acceleration Events in Law Enforcement Corrections Cadets.
Carly R Smith1,2, Enora Le Flao1,2,3, Samantha N DeAngleo1,2
1The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, College of Medicine, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Columbus, OH, USA.
Annals of Biomedical Engineering
|June 20, 2025
Summary
Female law enforcement cadets (LECs) experienced fewer head acceleration events (HAEs) during training compared to males. These findings suggest current training methods may effectively mitigate HAE exposure risks for females.
Area of Science:
- Sports Medicine
- Neurology
- Forensic Science
Background:
- Law enforcement cadets (LECs) undergo training involving subject control techniques.
- This training can lead to repetitive head impacts, recorded as head acceleration events (HAEs).
- Previous research indicates sex and/or gender differences in HAEs vary across different sports.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate and compare sex differences in HAE exposure among law enforcement cadets during training.
- To analyze the frequency and magnitude of HAEs in relation to sex.
Main Methods:
- Head acceleration events (HAEs) were collected from 82 civilian LECs (16 females) using instrumented mouthguards.
- Peak linear acceleration (PLA) and peak rotational velocity (PRV) were compared between sexes for HAEs > 5 g.
- Statistical analyses included mixed-effects linear models and negative binomial regression to account for repeated measures and control for cohort effects.
Main Results:
- Female cadets exhibited lower peak linear acceleration (PLA) compared to male cadets (median PLA: females = 10.9 g, males = 12.3 g).
- No statistically significant sex differences were found in the number of HAEs per athlete exposure (median: females = 10, males = 14).
- Peak rotational velocity (PRV) also showed no significant sex differences (median PRV: females = 7.4 rad/s, males = 7.9 rad/s).
Conclusions:
- Sex differences in HAE frequency and magnitude during subject control technique training were minimal.
- When differences were observed, female cadets experienced less frequent and less severe HAEs than male cadets.
- Current training practices, including sex- and skill-matched pairing, appear effective in reducing HAE exposure risk for females.
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