Synthetic Pyrethroid residues in food: Chemical behavior, analytical advances, and safety perspectives

Synthetic pyrethroid insecticides are widely used in agriculture but pose increasing concerns due to their persistence, chemical complexity, and accumulation in food systems. Recent toxicological findings have integrated molecular-initiating events, as ion-channel perturbation, with downstream oxidative stress, endocrine disruption, and adverse outcomes relevant to food safety. This review highlights recent advances in understanding their chemical behavior in food matrices, including their stability, interactions, and transformation during processing. Analytical developments-such as improved sample preparation techniques and the integration of chromatographic and spectrometric methods-have enhanced the sensitivity and accuracy of residue detection. Novel tools including biosensors and non-thermal processing technologies show promise for both monitoring and mitigation. Despite progress, challenges remain in standardization, matrix interference, and limited data on chronic low-dose exposure. This review provides a critical overview of current detection strategies, safety implications, and emerging solutions, aiming to support the development of more effective monitoring systems and sustainable food safety practices.