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Updated: Sep 18, 2025

The Resident-intruder Paradigm: A Standardized Test for Aggression, Violence and Social Stress
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Indicators for Reproductive Violence: A Systematized Review to Develop a Multilevel Measurement Framework.

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    This study introduces the first multilevel framework to measure reproductive violence (RV), a form of gender-based violence impacting reproductive autonomy. The framework uses 112 indicators across various levels to assess barriers to reproductive health.

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    Area of Science:

    • Public Health
    • Gender Studies
    • Sociology

    Background:

    • Reproductive violence (RV) encompasses gender-based violence compromising reproductive autonomy.
    • Existing measures for RV are fragmented and lack a multilevel approach.
    • Understanding RV requires a comprehensive framework addressing interpersonal to policy levels.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop a multilevel quantitative measurement framework for reproductive violence (RV).
    • To create a framework applicable across interpersonal, community, institutional, and policy levels.
    • To identify and organize indicators assessing various dimensions of RV.

    Main Methods:

    • Conducted a systematized literature review of 84 peer-reviewed studies.
    • Extracted and scored 448 potential indicators based on psychometric data, feasibility, and validity.
    • Developed a framework including 112 indicators organized by the social-ecological model and RV categories.

    Main Results:

    • Identified 112 indicators for the multilevel RV measurement framework.
    • Organized indicators across four levels: interpersonal, community, institutional, law, and policy.
    • Categorized indicators into pregnancy-promoting RV, pregnancy-preventing RV, and legal/social liabilities.

    Conclusions:

    • This study presents the first multilevel measurement framework for reproductive violence.
    • The framework offers a comprehensive tool to assess barriers to reproductive autonomy.
    • Further research is needed to refine and validate the RV measurement framework for broader application.