Recent Advances in Cancer Immunotherapy Aided by Regulatory Non-Coding RNA: A Review

Cancer immunotherapies have remodeled the way many different forms of cancer are treated by, leveraging the immune system to recognize and attack malignant cells. These therapies have demonstrated durable responses in cancers affecting the blood, bone marrow, and lymph nodes, solidifying their role as a cornerstone of modern oncology. However, despite their success, current immunotherapy tools and techniques require further refinement.Regulatory non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), actively transcribed by the mammalian genome, play crucial roles in regulating a wide range of cellular processes. They are key players in epigenetic mechanisms that govern differentiation, development, and the progression of invasive carcinogenesis. Emerging evidence suggests that regulatory ncRNAs are also pivotal in cancer immunity, acting as drivers of immune responses in the development of metastatic tumors. These ncRNAs influence the tumor microenvironment (TME), modulate the immune system, and affect the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors and T cell therapies by regulating various signaling pathways.This review article explores the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of ncRNAs in cancer immunotherapy, highlighting their role in modulating carcinogenesis and antitumor immunity. By understanding the influence of regulatory ncRNAs, we can pave the way for the development of prognostic biomarkers and more effective tumor immunotherapies.