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Related Concept Videos

Gastritis-II: Pathophysiology01:17

Gastritis-II: Pathophysiology

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Gastritis is marked by disruption of the mucosal barrier that usually protects the stomach tissue from digestive juices and manifests in acute and chronic forms.
In acute gastritis, the gastric mucosa becomes swollen and red and undergoes superficial erosion. Superficial ulceration may lead to bleeding.
In chronic gastritis, persistent or repeated insults lead to chronic inflammatory changes and, eventually, thinning or atrophy of the gastric tissue.
Gastritis can stem from various causes, each...
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Peptic Ulcer Disease III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:28

Peptic Ulcer Disease III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

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Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) presents with diverse symptoms depending on the location and severity of the ulcer. Clinical manifestations of peptic ulcer include dull pain and a burning sensation in the mid-epigastric region.
Few clinical manifestations differentiate gastric ulcers from duodenal ulcers. Distinctions in the location, timing, and pain relief are crucial for healthcare providers in differentiating between gastric and duodenal ulcers during clinical assessments.
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Gastritis-I: Introduction and Types01:27

Gastritis-I: Introduction and Types

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Gastritis, defined by the inflammation or irritation of the stomach lining or gastric mucosa, manifests in several distinct forms: acute, chronic, reactive, and a specific subtype known as autoimmune metaplastic atrophic gastritis.
Acute gastritis presents as a sudden inflammation triggered by various stressors to the stomach lining, such as exposure to corrosive agents, local irritants like aspirin and other NSAIDs, alcohol consumption, radiation therapy, physical trauma, severe burns, sepsis,...
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Peptic Ulcer Disease II: Pathophysiology01:28

Peptic Ulcer Disease II: Pathophysiology

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Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) is characterized by the development of ulcers in the stomach or duodenal mucosa. Its pathophysiology is complex, involving a balance between damaging and protective elements.
Damaging agents such as Helicobacter pylori, gastric acid, pepsin, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can weaken the mucosal defense, allowing hydrogen ions to infiltrate back and harm epithelial cells.
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Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease I: Meaning and Pathophysiology01:29

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease I: Meaning and Pathophysiology

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Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) involves the recurrent backflow of the stomach or duodenal contents into the esophagus, leading to troublesome symptoms and potential esophageal mucosal damage. Although GERD is often referred to as a disease, it is more accurately described as a syndrome, as it encompasses a range of symptoms and complications rather than a singular pathological entity, impacting a large number of individuals as the most prevalent upper gastrointestinal problem. Roughly...
533
Pathophysiology of Peptic Ulcer Disease: Injurious Factors01:22

Pathophysiology of Peptic Ulcer Disease: Injurious Factors

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Peptic ulcers are sores on the stomach's inner lining and the upper small intestine, which are the result of disruptions in the mucosal layer that houses parietal cells which produce gastric acid, and chief cells which secrete pepsinogen.
In the antrum region, G cells secrete the gastrin hormone that binds to gastrin-cholecystokinin-B (CCK2) receptors on parietal and enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells in the fundic glands. Simultaneously, the vagus nerve releases acetylcholine, which binds...
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Open Tracheostomy Gastric Acid Aspiration Murine Model of Acute Lung Injury Results in Maximal Acute Nonlethal Lung Injury
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SARS-CoV-2 causes gastric damage: structural and ultrastructural evaluation.

Erva Sevic Yilmaz1, Engin Alp Onen2, Hasan Serdar Mutlu3

  • 1Department of Histology and Embryology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey. erva.sevic@gmail.com.

Journal of Molecular Histology
|June 21, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) damages stomach cells via inflammation and cell death, impairing gastric protection. This may increase susceptibility to secondary infections and cause digestive symptoms.

Keywords:
Cell deathGalectin-3PyroptosisSARS-CoV-2Stomach

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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Virology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection targets the gastrointestinal tract, with ACE2 receptors present in the gastric mucosa.
  • The specific impact of SARS-CoV-2 on gastric tissue, including cellular mechanisms and protective responses, remains largely uncharacterized.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of SARS-CoV-2 on distinct gastric cell types and identify underlying mechanisms of damage and host defense.
  • To analyze the role of apoptosis, pyroptosis, necroptosis, and Galectin-3 in SARS-CoV-2-induced gastric pathology.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized K18-hACE2 transgenic mice, infected with SARS-CoV-2, and analyzed gastric tissues at day 8 post-infection.
  • Assessed histological damage, mucin content, cell death pathways (apoptosis, pyroptosis, necroptosis), and Galectin-3 expression.
  • Employed transmission electron microscopy for ultrastructural analysis of viral particles and cellular changes.

Main Results:

  • SARS-CoV-2 infection led to significant epithelial damage, desquamation, hemorrhage, and reduced mucin content in gastric tissues.
  • Elevated levels of apoptosis and pyroptosis were observed, alongside decreased Galectin-3 expression, indicating impaired gastric protection.
  • Parietal cells showed severe damage and high viral load, while enteroendocrine cells exhibited increased activity; virus-like particles were detected.

Conclusions:

  • SARS-CoV-2 causes substantial damage to gastric epithelial and parietal cells through inflammatory and cell death pathways.
  • Reduced Galectin-3 expression exacerbates gastric damage and impairs protective mechanisms, potentially increasing susceptibility to secondary infections like H. pylori.
  • The observed gastric pathology may contribute to clinical symptoms such as nausea, dyspepsia, and unexplained gastrointestinal complaints in COVID-19 patients.