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Related Concept Videos

Autophagy01:27

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a self-digesting process by which a cell protects itself from threats both within and outside the cell, ranging from abnormal proteins to invading bacteria. In this process, obsolete components of the cell and invading microbes are degraded by hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen.
An autophagic pathway consists of a series of signaling events activated in response to diverse stress and physiological conditions such as food deprivation,...
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Autophagic Cell Death01:18

Autophagic Cell Death

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Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
Autophagy and Apoptosis
Autophagy can activate apoptosis. In normal conditions, the autophagy activating protein Beclin-1 and...
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Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome01:36

Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome

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Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
Endocytosis
In endocytosis, the cell membrane takes up macromolecules and particles from the surrounding medium. Clathrin-mediated...
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Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies01:38

Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies

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Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...
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Anaphase Promoting Complex00:50

Anaphase Promoting Complex

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The stepwise destruction of specific proteins is necessary for the progression and completion of the cell cycle. Such proteins are ubiquitinated by ubiquitin ligases and then subsequently destroyed by the proteasome. The SCF (Skp1/Cullin/F-box) and the anaphase-promoting complex (APC) are two important ubiquitin ligases involved in cell cycle progression. While SCF is active throughout the cell cycle, APC gets activated during metaphase to anaphase transition. Cdc20 or Cdh1 binds to APC and...
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PI3K/mTOR/AKT Signaling Pathway01:22

PI3K/mTOR/AKT Signaling Pathway

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The mammalian target of rapamycin  (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase that regulates growth, proliferation, and cell survival in response to hormones, growth factors, or nutrient availability. This kinase exists in two structurally and functionally distinct forms: mTOR complex 1  (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2  (mTORC2). The first form (mTORC1) is composed of a rapamycin-sensitive Raptor and proline-rich Akt substrate, PRAS40. In contrast,  mTORC2 consists of a...
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Updated: Sep 18, 2025

Exploring the Regulation of Lipid Droplet Catabolism through Lipophagy
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Exploring the Regulation of Lipid Droplet Catabolism through Lipophagy

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The human autophagy-initiating complexes ULK1C and PI3KC3-C1.

Minghao Chen1, James Hurley2

  • 1Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA; California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, Maryland, USA.

The Journal of Biological Chemistry
|June 21, 2025
PubMed
Summary

The unc-51-like kinase complex (ULK1C) and the class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex I (PI3KC3-C1) are crucial for initiating macroautophagy. This review details their molecular assembly, activation, and roles in the autophagy network.

Keywords:
ATG101ATG13ATG14BECN1Beclin-1FIP200ULK1VPS15VPS34autophagycryo-EMmitophagyphosphoinositide kinaseprotein kinase

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Study of Protein-protein Interactions in Autophagy Research
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Last Updated: Sep 18, 2025

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Published on: January 31, 2025

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Study of Protein-protein Interactions in Autophagy Research
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In Vitro and In Vivo Detection of Mitophagy in Human Cells, C. Elegans, and Mice
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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cellular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Macroautophagy initiation is regulated by the unc-51-like kinase complex (ULK1C) and the class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex I (PI3KC3-C1).
  • Understanding the interplay between these two complexes is vital for comprehending cellular regulation and developing therapeutic strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in the structural organization and activation mechanisms of ULK1C and PI3KC3-C1.
  • To discuss the roles of these complexes within the protein interaction network governing autophagy initiation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on structural biology and molecular mechanisms.
  • Analysis of protein-protein interactions in the context of autophagy regulation.

Main Results:

  • Recent structural and mechanistic insights into ULK1C and PI3KC3-C1 assembly and activation.
  • Elucidation of the roles of ULK1C and PI3KC3-C1 within the broader autophagy initiation network.

Conclusions:

  • Detailed molecular understanding of ULK1C and PI3KC3-C1 is key to controlling macroautophagy.
  • Targeting these complexes offers potential for therapeutic intervention in diseases involving autophagy dysregulation.