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Related Concept Videos

Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Types of RNA01:20

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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then...
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Epigenetic and experimental approaches influencing non-coding RNAs.

Urvashi Vijay1, Ashmeet Kaur2, Sunil Polipalli3

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Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science
|June 21, 2025
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Summary

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are crucial for epigenetic regulation, influencing gene expression and inheritance across generations. These molecules mediate heritable epigenetic states, impacting organismal complexity and evolution.

Keywords:
DNA methylationEpigeneticsHistone modificationsNon-coding RNAsPiwi-interacting RNAsX-chromosome inactivation

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Epigenetics explains how the same genome can produce diverse phenotypes through different epigenetic states.
  • Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), particularly small RNAs, are integral to gene expression regulation, including DNA methylation and histone modification.
  • Complex epigenetic phenomena like transposon silencing, X-chromosome inactivation, and parental imprinting involve RNA components.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the central role of ncRNAs in epigenetic gene regulation.
  • To explore the mechanisms by which ncRNAs mediate epigenetic states and transgenerational inheritance.
  • To highlight the significance of ncRNAs in the evolution and complexity of higher organisms.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of current research on ncRNAs and epigenetics.
  • Analysis of studies investigating ncRNA involvement in DNA methylation and histone modifications.
  • Examination of evidence for ncRNA-mediated transgenerational epigenetic inheritance in model organisms.

Main Results:

  • ncRNAs are key players in directing epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation and histone alterations.
  • Specific ncRNAs, including piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), are implicated in various epigenetic phenomena.
  • ncRNAs facilitate the inheritance of epigenetic states across generations in yeast, plants, and mice.

Conclusions:

  • ncRNAs are fundamental to epigenetic regulation and the transmission of genetic information.
  • The ability of ncRNAs to carry heritable information bridges environmental factors and genetic responses.
  • Continued research into ncRNAs promises deeper understanding of life's regulatory architectures and evolutionary processes.