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Related Concept Videos

Antidotes01:17

Antidotes

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Antidotes are medicinal substances used to counteract the harmful effects of toxins or drugs in the body. They function in various ways, each uniquely designed to combat specific toxic compounds.
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Predators consume prey for energy. Predators that acquire prey and prey that avoid predation both increase their chances of survival and reproduction (i.e., fitness). Routine predator-prey interactions elicit mutual adaptations that improve predator offenses, such as claws, teeth, and speed, as well as prey defenses, including crypsis, aposematism, and mimicry. Thus, predator-prey interactions resemble an evolutionary arms race.
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Anticholinesterases, also known as cholinesterase inhibitors, work by blocking the breakdown of acetylcholine, leading to its accumulation in the synaptic cleft. This accumulation indirectly enhances both muscarinic and nicotinic actions. These agents are classified as reversible or irreversible based on their mechanism of action.     
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 8, 2025

Harvesting Venom Toxins from Assassin Bugs and Other Heteropteran Insects
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What is animal venom? Rethinking a manipulative weapon.

Ronald A Jenner1, Nicholas R Casewell2, Eivind A B Undheim3

  • 1Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK.

Trends in Ecology & Evolution
|June 21, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Animal venoms are more diverse than previously thought, encompassing toxic secretions used to manipulate other organisms for feeding or reproduction. This broader definition unifies venomics with other ecological interaction studies.

Keywords:
allohormoneseffectorselicitorsextended phenotypephytophagysaliva

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Area of Science:

  • Zoology
  • Biochemistry
  • Ecology

Background:

  • Venom research traditionally focuses on a narrow phylogenetic range.
  • The biological definition of venom has been limited, hindering a comprehensive understanding.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To redefine venom based on its functional role in manipulating physiological processes.
  • To expand the phylogenetic scope of venom research.

Main Methods:

  • Conceptual analysis of venom's biological essence.
  • Comparative review of toxic secretion use across taxa.

Main Results:

  • Venoms function to create "extended phenotypes" in recipients, benefiting the producer.
  • This functional definition includes plant-feeding and mating-manipulating toxic secretions.
  • Distinguishing venom from saliva based on the manipulation of living victims.

Conclusions:

  • The phylogenetic domain of venom is significantly broader than currently recognized.
  • A unified understanding of venomics can be achieved by incorporating invertebrate-plant and sexual conflict interactions.
  • This expanded view offers new avenues for research in chemical ecology and evolutionary biology.