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Related Concept Videos

Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation01:25

Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation

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The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
Damage or functional impairment of β-cells inhibits insulin production, leading to diabetes. Diabetes treatment...
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Insulin Secretory Vesicles01:05

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Insulin secretory vesicles release insulin to stimulate blood glucose uptake and regulate carbohydrate metabolism. When the blood glucose levels increase, glucose enters the pancreatic β-islet cells through glucose transporters. Once inside, glucose is metabolized through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain, producing ATP. This increase in ATP concentration closes ATP-sensitive potassium channels, leading to depolarization of the membrane and the opening of...
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Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

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The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
Insulin and C-peptide are...
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Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery01:27

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Insulin preparations are categorized by their duration of action into short-acting and long-acting types. Two strategies are used to modify insulin's absorption and pharmacokinetic profile: slowing the absorption post-subcutaneous injection, or altering human insulin's amino acid sequence or protein structure. These changes retain the insulin's ability to bind to the insulin receptor, but alter its behavior in solution or after injection.
Short-acting insulins are divided into...
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Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists01:24

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists

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Incretins include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which stimulate insulin secretion post-meals. In type 2 diabetes, GIP's efficacy is reduced, making GLP-1 a viable drug target. GIP originates from preproGIP.
GLP-1, when administered in high doses intravenously, triggers insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon release, slows gastric emptying, reduces food intake, and restores normal insulin secretion. However, its rapid inactivation by...
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Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways01:28

Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways

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Insulin action is mediated through a receptor tyrosine kinase, akin to the IGF-1 receptor. The number of receptors per cell varies significantly, from 40 on erythrocytes to 300,000 on adipocytes and hepatocytes. The insulin receptor consists of linked α/β subunit dimers, forming a heterotetramer glycoprotein with two extracellular α subunits and two β subunits spanning the membrane. The α subunits inhibit the inherent tyrosine kinase activity of the β subunits, but...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 18, 2025

Measuring Relative Insulin Secretion using a Co-Secreted Luciferase Surrogate
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High-Yield Biosynthesis Process for Producing Insulin Lispro.

Shuchen Pei1, Shusheng Liu1,2, Jihong Luo1,2

  • 1School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, 401331, China.

The Protein Journal
|June 22, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new three-step chromatography method efficiently purifies insulin lispro, a fast-acting diabetes medication. This cost-effective process yields high-purity insulin lispro, suitable for pharmaceutical formulations.

Keywords:
Biosynthesis processHigh-yieldInsulin lisproPurification

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Pharmaceutical Sciences

Background:

  • Insulin lispro is a vital fast-acting insulin analogue for diabetes management.
  • Existing production methods require optimization for efficiency and cost-effectiveness.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a streamlined, cost-effective purification process for high-purity insulin lispro.
  • To establish a scalable method for producing recombinant insulin lispro.

Main Methods:

  • A three-step chromatography purification process was developed.
  • The process involved fermentation, inclusion body recovery, renaturation, enzymatic digestion, and chromatographic purification.
  • Analytical techniques including peptide mapping were used for characterization.

Main Results:

  • The purification process yielded 475 mg/L of insulin lispro from L fermentation broth.
  • The final product achieved 99.7% purity with minimal high molecular weight proteins (≤0.1%).
  • Contaminants such as host cell proteins (2.31 ng/mg) and residual DNA (1.57 ng/mg) were significantly reduced.

Conclusions:

  • The established three-step chromatography method is efficient and cost-effective for large-scale insulin lispro production.
  • This process provides high-quality active pharmaceutical ingredients for diabetes treatment.
  • The method supports the development of recombinant insulin analogs.