Atomistic simulations of intact virus capsids: A computational challenge worth the scientific payoff

All-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of intact virus capsids provide unparalleled insights into the functional motions of these complex macromolecular assemblies. Despite the computational challenges of simulating multimillion-atom systems, these simulations uniquely reveal the structural basis for emergent properties, including collective motions, allostery, selective permeability, and mechanical responses that are inaccessible through experimental methods. Capsid simulations also drive technological advancements in MD methodologies, analysis tools, and multiscale modeling, fostering broader innovations in structural biology and biophysics. Given next-generation computational resources, MD simulations will continue to illuminate virus biology, support antiviral drug discovery, and enhance preparedness for emerging viral diseases. Here, atomistic simulations of complete capsid assemblies are reviewed, and their role in elucidating fundamental principles of virus function and therapeutic targeting is discussed. Altogether, MD of intact capsids is a computational challenge worth the payoff.