The complexity and commonness of the two-process model of sleep regulation from a mathematical perspective

The two-process model (2pm) of sleep regulation is a conceptual framework and consists of mathematical equations. It shares similarities with models for cardiac, respiratory and neuronal rhythms and falls within the wider class of coupled oscillator models. The 2pm is related to neuronal mutual inhibition models of sleep-wake regulation. The mathematical structure of the 2pm, in which the sleep-wake cycle is entrained to the circadian pacemaker, explains sleep patterns in the absence of 24 h time cues, in different species and in early childhood. Extending the 2pm with a process describing the response of the circadian pacemaker to light creates a hierarchical entrainment system with feedback which permits quantitative modelling of the effect of self-selected light on sleep and circadian timing. The extended 2pm provides new interpretations of sleep phenotypes and provides quantitative predictions of effects of sleep and light interventions to support sleep and circadian alignment in individuals, including those with neurodegenerative disorders.