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Integrating Artificial Intelligence and Virtual Reality in Orthopedic Surgery: A Comprehensive Review.

Robert Koucheki^1,2, Johnathan R Lex^1,2, Michael Brock³

¹Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.

HSS Journal : the Musculoskeletal Journal of Hospital for Special Surgery

|June 23, 2025

Summary

Artificial intelligence (AI) and virtual reality (VR) are revolutionizing orthopedic surgery by improving precision and training. Challenges remain in implementation, but these technologies promise better patient outcomes and personalized care.

Keywords:

artificial intelligence clinical workflows orthopedic surgery patient rehabilitation virtual reality

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Area of Science:

Orthopedic Surgery
Medical Technology
Digital Health

Background:

Artificial intelligence (AI) and virtual reality (VR) are increasingly adopted in orthopedic surgery.
These technologies aim to enhance surgical precision, trainee education, patient engagement, and personalized treatment strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the current applications of AI and VR in orthopedic surgery.
To identify the potential benefits and challenges associated with their integration into clinical practice.

Main Methods:

AI applications include predictive modeling, computer vision, image analytics, and robotic surgery for planning and decision-making.
VR is utilized for surgical simulations for trainee skill development and in patient rehabilitation with gamified approaches.

Main Results:

AI and VR enhance preoperative planning, intraoperative decision-making, and postoperative outcomes by reducing surgical variability.
VR simulations offer safe skill development for trainees, while VR rehabilitation may improve patient adherence and recovery.

Conclusions:

AI and VR integration in orthopedic surgery holds significant promise for improving surgical outcomes and patient care.
Addressing technical, ethical, and adoption barriers is crucial for widespread implementation, requiring improved infrastructure and further research.