Related Experiment Video
Updated: Sep 18, 2025
Author Spotlight: Advancing Research on Candida albicans Biofilm-Associated Prosthetic Joint Infections
Published on: February 2, 2024
Fracture-related infection in Open Long-bone Fractures: A Bicenter Case-control Study in a Limited Resource Country
Alazar Menbere Haile1, Binyam Dagnaw1, Mengistu Gebeyehu1
1Department of Orthopaedics, Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia.
Background:
Fracture-related infections (FRI) are estimated to complicate approximately 1% of closed fractures and 30% of open fractures globally. These statistics, however, can vary significantly by region, with low-income and middle-income countries experiencing a disproportionately high burden. The studies in these regions are often underpowered to evaluate the local prevalence and contributing factors of FRI. The objectives of this study were (1) to assess the prevalence of FRI in open long-bone injuries and (2) investigate the association between FRI and various risk factors identified in previous research.
Methods:
A 5-year age-matched and sex-matched case-control study was conducted at 2 high-volume trauma centers in a limited-resource country. Independent variables included demographics (age and sex), anatomical region, injury mechanism, Gustilo-Anderson grade (GA 2 or higher), smoking status, history of blood transfusion, and timing of antibiotic administration, debridement, and soft tissue coverage. The primary outcome was the presence of FRI, as defined by Metsemakers et al., which required direct observation of pus during surgery or additional confirmatory criteria. Data analysis was conducted using the R package vcd.
Results:
Seven hundred six cases were reviewed, showing a 13.2% prevalence of FRI. The 84 infected cases and 168 matched controls were analyzed. Most patients experienced delays in antibiotics (77.4%) and debridement (76.6%) beyond 3 hours and 24 hours, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression revealed statistical significance only for a delay in antibiotic administration exceeding 12 hours (p = 0.007), presence of polytrauma (p = 0.008), and non-intramedullary nail (IMN) mode of fixation (p < 0.001). Delays in debridement (>24 hours), soft tissue coverage (>7 days), and antibiotic administration (3-12 hours) did not show statistically significant associations with an increased risk of infection.
Conclusions:
Our study highlights the critical importance of prompt antibiotic administration, especially for high-energy wounds such as polytrauma, in reducing infection risk.
Levels Of Evidence:
Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Related Concept Videos
01:27Fractures: Bone Repair
Minor fractures with no bone displacement are treated by immobilizing the fractured bone using a cast or splint. However, in the case of fractures with displaced bones, the broken bones are repositioned before immobilization to ensure successful healing without deformation and loss of function. The realignment of fractured bone ends is performed through a process called reduction. If the...
01:26Healthcare Associated Infections I: Iatrogenic, Exogenic and Endogenic
HAIs significantly increase the cost of health care. Extended stays in healthcare institutions, increased disability, increased costs of medications, including specialized antibiotics, and prolonged recovery times add to the patient's expenses and the healthcare institution and funding bodies.
01:26Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection
The integrity and count of the white blood cells help the body resist pathogens and fight infection. When impaired, it reduces the body's resistance to pathogens. The acidic pH levels of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary tracts, and skin...
01:20Infection
The chain begins with pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions, or parasites such as protozoa helminths. These can be present on the skin as transient or resident flora, or they can be acquired from the environment. Identifying and treating the type of infection and...