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Related Concept Videos

Echo01:06

Echo

607
The human ear cannot distinguish between two sources of sound if they happen to reach within a specific time interval, typically 0.1 seconds apart. More than this, and they are perceived as separate sources.
Imagine the sound is reflected back to the ears. Assuming that the source is very close to the human, the difference between hearing the two sounds—the emitted sound and the reflected sound—may be more than the minimum time for perceiving distinct sounds. If this is the case,...
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Wave Parameters01:10

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The simplest mechanical waves are associated with simple harmonic motion and repeat themselves for several cycles. These simple harmonic waves can be modeled using a combination of sine and cosine functions. Consider a simplified surface water wave that moves across the water's surface. Unlike complex ocean waves, in surface water waves, water moves vertically, oscillating up and down, whereas the disturbance of the wave moves horizontally through the medium. If a seagull is floating on the...
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Deriving the Speed of Sound in a Liquid01:09

Deriving the Speed of Sound in a Liquid

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As with waves on a string, the speed of sound or a mechanical wave in a fluid depends on the fluid's elastic modulus and inertia. The two relevant physical quantities are the bulk modulus and the density of the material. Indeed, it turns out that the relationship between speed and the bulk modulus and density in fluids is the same as that between the speed and the Young's modulus and density in solids.
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Sound Waves01:01

Sound Waves

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Sound waves can be thought of as fluctuations in the pressure of a medium through which they propagate. Since the pressure also makes the medium's particles vibrate along its direction of motion, the waves can be modeled as the displacement of the medium's particles from their mean position.
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Sound waves, which are longitudinal waves, can be modeled as the displacement amplitude varying as a function of the spatial and temporal coordinates. As a column of the medium is displaced, its successive columns are also displaced. As the successive displacements differ relatively, a pressure difference with the surrounding pressure is created. The gauge pressure varies across the medium.
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The intensity of sound waves can be related to displacement and pressure amplitudes by using their wave expressions and the definition of intensity. The critical step to achieve this is to write the power delivered by the particles on the wave as the product of force and velocity and simplify the force per unit area as the pressure. The velocity of the medium's particles can be derived from the displacement.
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North Atlantic upper ocean sound channel variations.

Gregg A Jacobs1, Robert W Helber1, John M Toole2

  • 1Naval Research Laboratory, Stennis Space Center, Mississippi 39529, USA.

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|June 23, 2025
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Summary

Sound channels in the North Atlantic are linked to specific water masses and locations. Improved ocean models better represent these sound channels and their associated water properties.

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Area of Science:

  • Oceanography
  • Acoustics
  • Numerical Modeling

Background:

  • Sound channels are crucial for underwater acoustics and are influenced by oceanographic conditions.
  • Understanding sound channel distribution aids in assessing numerical ocean model performance.
  • Previous studies have characterized general sound channel behavior, but detailed regional analysis is needed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize sound channel distributions in the North Atlantic Ocean.
  • To investigate the relationship between sound channels and water masses.
  • To evaluate the performance of numerical ocean models in simulating sound channels.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of historical profile observations of sound channels.
  • Focus on sound channels above 500m depth, below the sonic layer, with cutoff frequencies < 200Hz.
  • Comparison of observed sound channel occurrences and water mass properties with numerical model outputs.

Main Results:

  • Sound channels frequently occur near the Rockall Trough, Reykjanes Ridge, Labrador Current, and Gulf Stream.
  • Higher sound channel occurrences are observed in spring and summer due to shallower sonic layers.
  • Sound channel axes show lower salinity, indicating subduction of cold, low-salinity surface waters.

Conclusions:

  • Numerical ocean model resolution (vertical and horizontal) significantly impacts the accuracy of simulated sound channel occurrence rates and water mass properties.
  • Subsurface cold, low-salinity waters are influenced by processes like isopycnal subduction and winter convection.
  • Model deficiencies need further consideration in relation to water mass distributions and physical oceanographic processes.