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Recruitment and retention strategies for improving representation in clinical research: A meta-synthesis

Carson J Peters¹, Joan M Greve², Arvin Karbasi³

¹Department of Behavioral and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America.

|June 23, 2025

Abstract

Objective:

To identify innovative strategies that may increase recruitment and/or retention of groups less represented in chronic disease clinical research.

Methods:

A systematic review was conducted. Inclusion criteria were: (a) NIH-defined racial and ethnic minority groups and clinical research; (b) evidence-based, clinical research recruitment and/or retention strategies involving the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in the United States; (c) conducted in the United States; and (d) qualitative design. Data exploring the strategies were extracted and thematically analyzed.

Results:

Twenty-seven studies were included. Studies focused on cancer (70%), recruitment (93%), and perspectives from clinicians (63%). The most referenced strategies were education (44%), communication (48%), and community-based participatory research (63%). Critical themes include empowerment, transparency, trust, and sustainability.

Conclusions:

Strategies must prioritize the community and be implemented sustainably, where cultural humility and community-based participatory research are foundational.

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