Immunological factors influencing HIV acquisition in infants: A narrative review

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) acquisition in infants is a critical public health concern, particularly in regions with high maternal HIV prevalence. The susceptibility of infants to HIV is influenced by a complex interplay of immunological factors, including maternal antibodies, innate immune responses, and the development of adaptive immunity. This review aims to elucidate the various immunological components that contribute to the risk of HIV transmission in infants and highlights the importance of understanding these factors for developing effective prevention strategies. Maternal antibodies provide passive immunity to infants, protecting them from infections during the early months of life. However, the presence of these antibodies can also modulate the infant's immune responses, potentially affecting their susceptibility to HIV. The innate immune system, characterized by the activity of natural killer cells and other immune cells, serves as the first line of defense against HIV. The functionality of these cells in infants is often limited, underscoring the need for a deeper understanding of innate immune responses and their role in HIV acquisition. The adaptive immune response, involving T and B cells, is crucial for controlling viral infections. The maturation and functionality of these immune cells in infants significantly influence their ability to respond to HIV exposure.