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Related Concept Videos

Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction01:28

Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction

55
Renal calculi, or kidney stones, are solid deposits of minerals and salts formed inside the kidneys. In medical terminology, "calculus" refers to the stone itself, while "lithiasis" describes the process of stone formation. Depending on their location within the urinary system, these stones may be classified as either urolithiasis, when situated within the urinary tract, or nephrolithiasis, when located within the kidneys. Each term signifies the specific impact of the stone.Predisposition...
55
Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations01:26

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

43
Renal calculi, commonly termed kidney stones, are crystalline solid masses that form in the kidneys but can occur at any point within the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.The pathophysiology of renal stones involves several key factors: supersaturation of the urine with stone-forming constituents, changes in urine pH, a decrease in urine volume, and the presence of substances that promote or inhibit stone formation.Supersaturation of Urine: This is the...
43
Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management01:30

Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management

29
The diagnosis of renal calculi involves several imaging techniques, including non-contrast CT scans and ultrasound. These methods help visualize kidney stones, assess their size and location, and detect possible obstructions. Additionally, Measuring urine pH is useful for diagnosing specific stone types, such as struvite (alkaline pH) and uric acid stones (acidic pH). Cystine stones are primarily linked to cystinuria, a genetic condition. A urinalysis helps detect blood in the urine (hematuria)...
29
Urinary Tract Calculi V: Nursing Management01:28

Urinary Tract Calculi V: Nursing Management

35
AssessmentSubjective Data: Obtain a detailed health history, including any recent or chronic urinary tract infections, periods of immobilization, previous episodes of renal calculi, and medical conditions such as gout, benign prostatic hyperplasia, or hyperparathyroidism. Review the medication history for drugs that may influence stone formation, including allopurinol, analgesics, loop diuretics, or thiazide diuretics. Document the use of long-term indwelling catheters and any past surgical...
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Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management01:25

Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management

42
Procedures for Kidney StonesMedical intervention is necessary when kidney stones or renal calculi are too large to pass spontaneously (typically greater than 5 millimeters) when stones are accompanied by symptomatic infection (such as fever or pyelonephritis), when they impair kidney function, or when they cause persistent symptoms like severe pain, nausea, or urinary retention. Additionally, patients with only one kidney or those who cannot be treated with medical management also require...
42
Urinary Tract Calculi IV: Nutrition Therapy and Prevention01:27

Urinary Tract Calculi IV: Nutrition Therapy and Prevention

36
Management of renal calculi focuses on effective strategies like tailored nutrition and hydration therapy. Adjusting diet and fluid intake reduces stone formation and recurrence, making these interventions simple yet powerful in kidney stone prevention and management.Understanding Kidney StonesKidney stones form when calcium, oxalate, uric acid, and cystine concentrate and crystallize in urine. Factors contributing to their formation include genetic predisposition, certain medical conditions,...
36

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 18, 2025

Technical Modification of the Terminal Ureter During Total Transperitoneal Laparoscopic Nephroureterectomy for Upper Urinary Tract Urothelial Carcinoma
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Ureteral calculus complicated by bladder malakoplakia: A case report.

Huajian Ye1, Liming Yu, Yaokang Chen

  • 1Department of Urology, Shaoxing Second Hospital, Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.

Medicine
|June 23, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Bladder malakoplakia, a rare inflammatory condition, can mimic tumors. Histopathology is key to diagnosis, and conservative resection offers effective treatment and confirmation.

Keywords:
Michaelis-Gutmann bodiesbladder malakoplakiacase reportureteral calculus

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Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Pathology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Bladder malakoplakia is a rare granulomatous inflammatory condition.
  • It can clinically and radiologically mimic bladder tumors.
  • This case highlights diagnostic challenges and the need to avoid unnecessary radical surgery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To emphasize the critical role of histopathology in diagnosing bladder malakoplakia.
  • To present a case that highlights diagnostic challenges.
  • To prevent unnecessary radical surgery for misdiagnosed bladder masses.

Main Methods:

  • A female patient with recurrent urinary frequency was evaluated.
  • Diagnoses considered included bladder tumors and urinary tract calculi.
  • Histopathology confirmed bladder malakoplakia with Michaelis-Gutmann bodies.

Main Results:

  • Transurethral resection of the bladder tumor and laparoscopic ureterolithotomy were performed.
  • The patient experienced resolution of lower urinary tract symptoms postoperatively.
  • No recurrence was observed on follow-up cystoscopy.

Conclusions:

  • Bladder malakoplakia should be considered in the differential diagnosis of bladder masses.
  • Histopathological identification of Michaelis-Gutmann bodies is the diagnostic gold standard.
  • Conservative resection is both diagnostic and therapeutic, and associated urinary tract abnormalities require management.