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Drinking Water NaCl Is Associated With Hypertension and Albuminuria: A Panel Study
Asher Y Rosinger1,2,3, Amanda McGrosky3,4, Hannah Jacobson3,5
1Department of Biobehavioral Health (A.Y.R., L.M.T.B., C.M., N.C.M., N.B., Z.F., M.T., Z.N., G.B., L.B.F.), Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA.
High salt in drinking water, mainly sodium-chloride, is linked to increased blood pressure, hypertension, and albuminuria in Kenyan adults. This highlights a critical environmental health concern impacting cardiovascular health.
Area of Science:
- Environmental Health
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology
- Nephrology
Background:
- Salt leaching into freshwater sources presents a growing global environmental health challenge.
- Understanding the impact of drinking water salinity on chronic disease risk is crucial.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the association between drinking water salinity and key health indicators: blood pressure, hypertension, and albuminuria.
- To analyze the specific ionic composition of water, focusing on sodium-chloride, calcium, potassium, and magnesium.
Main Methods:
- A 2-year panel study conducted in northern Kenya (2022-2023) involving 327 Daasanach adults.
- Analysis of water sources for salinity and ionic composition (sodium, chloride, calcium, potassium, magnesium).
- Measurement of resting blood pressure, classification of hypertension stages, and assessment of albuminuria via urine analysis.
Main Results:
- Drinking water salinity was primarily driven by sodium-chloride (mean 162.6 mg/L).
- Increased sodium-chloride in drinking water was significantly associated with higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
- Higher odds of hypertension (stages 1 and 2) and albuminuria were observed with increased drinking water sodium-chloride.
Conclusions:
- Drinking water sodium-chloride is a significant risk factor for elevated blood pressure, hypertension, and albuminuria in a population with limited traditional risk factors.
- Specific salt measurements in water are essential for accurately assessing hypertension associations.
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