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Control theory and multiple placebo effects.

M P Jensen, P Karoly

    International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine
    |January 1, 1985
    PubMed
    Summary
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    Understanding placebo effects in medicine is crucial but challenging due to varied definitions. This study clarifies three distinct placebo effect types and proposes a unified model based on control theory for better comprehension.

    Area of Science:

    • Medical Psychology
    • Behavioral Medicine
    • Pharmacology

    Background:

    • The significance of placebo in medical treatments is established.
    • Current understanding of placebo effects is limited.
    • The term "placebo effect" encompasses diverse phenomena, hindering unified theory development.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To delineate distinct categories of placebo effects.
    • To review existing theories explaining these phenomena.
    • To propose a comprehensive model for understanding placebo effects.

    Main Methods:

    • Categorization of placebo effects into three distinct types.
    • Review and critique of existing placebo effect theories.
    • Development of a general model for placebo effects using control theory.

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    Main Results:

    • Identification and description of three qualitatively distinct placebo effect categories.
    • Analysis of the strengths and limitations of current explanatory theories.
    • Presentation of a novel control theory-based model for placebo effects.

    Conclusions:

    • Clarifying placebo effect types is essential for advancing research.
    • A control theory perspective offers a unified framework for understanding placebo phenomena.
    • The proposed model provides a foundation for future research and clinical application.